Discuss Proto-Luke Theory Essay

Whilst other scholars had previously thought of Mark’s Gospel as the foundation for Luke, B.H. Streeter refutes these views and suggests the opposite. He named this theory ‘Proto-Luke’, which suggests that while putting together his gospel, Luke wrote an early draft which was primarily made up of Q and L sources, before he became acquainted with Mark. This Marcan material was used as a secondary source, which was later slotted into an existing composition, which makes up the present gospel. The previous draft, which excluded any Marcan content, was dubbed Proto-Luke. Arguments supporting Streeter’s hypothesis include the very structure of Luke’s Gospel. Rather than interweaving the Q, L and Marcon sources together, the gospel alternates between five large blocks from Mark and the smoothly flowing Q and L sections. â€Å"Mark is a quarry from which stone is obtained to enlarge an existing building.† – Taylor. How Q and L are combined together suggests they were used in harmony with each another, which agrees with the Proto-Luke theory. It seems that Luke used Q to carefully select sayings of Jesus which would expand his own research. However, material sourced from Mark is dropped in without mixing with Q and L information. The scholar Taylor argues that when we exclude the Marcan content, the Q and L material flows in a understandable way, a so-called ‘relative continuality’. Therefore, the suggestion that a Proto-Luke version of the gospel existed prior to the introduction of Mark is a perfectly acceptable argument. Stanton applied this to the passion narrative by removing the Marcan verses and found that from Luke 22:14 and 23:53, (163 verses), only twenty were totally dependant on Mark. â€Å"If they are removed we still seem to have a coherent non-Marcan passion narrative.† – Stanton. The beginning and ending of Luke’s Gospel contain no material drawn from Mark. If Luke already had a gospel before he came across the Marcan material, then it makes sense that he would leave his own introduction and conclusions untouched whilst editing the middle in order to insert blocks from Mark. However, Stanton notes that Proto-Luke may have begun at 3:1, due to the formal introduction: â€Å"In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The fact that Luke omits so much of Mark, which accounts for a third of Luke, may suggest that he is giving priority to his original Proto-Luke limitations. Stanton talks of Luke’s disloyalty to his Marcan source: â€Å"At many points, [only two of which can be mentioned here,] Luke’s gospel seems to betray its Marcan basis†. If Mark was Luke’s framework for his gospel, how can we explain the omission of this much Marcan material? Another point to consider is the restrictions of writing on a papyrus scroll, the length of this would limit the degree to which Luke could supp lement Proto-Luke with Marcan information. On the other hand, many arguments discredit the Proto-Luke hypothesis. As of yet, scholars cannot agree on the verses that came from Mark and the verses which belong to Q and L, but the scholar Tuckett has claimed to have identified phrases from Mark in amongst blocks of Q and L. If he is correct in these claims then the Proto-Luke theory is doubtful. Having said that it may have been possible for Q and L to have existed in a coherent order without any Marcan material, there are still holes in the narrative flow that Q and L create. This point can lend itself to arguments against Proto-Luke, leading some scholars to call it â€Å"an amorphous collection†. If it doesn’t read like a single document, then perhaps Proto-Luke never existed. For example, between 8:3 and 9:51, when Marcan material is removed, an awkward gap is revealed, as there is nothing about Jesus’ time in Galilee. Discontinuity like this in Proto-Luke goes against the hypothesis that it ever existe d. Another view twists one particular argument in favour of Proto-Luke; about how Q and L are combined, with Marcan content awkwardly slotted in. We are familiar with Luke’s compositional style, it is also seen in Acts, which features abrupt shifts between the â€Å"we† sections and the rest of the gospel. There are also suggestions that the infancy narrative may have been added to Luke later, as it doesn’t seem to fit with the rest of the Gospel. These features of Luke’s writing indicate his tendency to throw his various sources of information together. Then this style may not have been unique to the Marcan material that Luke supposedly added to his Proto-Luke draft. Maybe this is just how Luke prefers to set out all of his writing? Hence, the proto-Luke theory looses credibility if this is simply the manner in which Luke constructs all his documents. Luke may have felt that Mark’s Gospel was too important to alter in any way, so he slotted it into his Gospel in the same manner he did with other important sources. Scholars such as Fitzmyer propose that certain doublets in the Marcan material can show that Mark was actually a primary source. There are a number of repeated, similar phrases, for example â€Å"to all those who have more will be given, but for those who have nothing even what they have will be taken away† features in 8:18 and 19:26. When this happens, one version of the phrase comes from Mark and the other originates from ‘Q’ (shared with Matthew). When we tally up where all of these phrases come from, most are sourced from Mark, leading the theory that Mark was actually an early framework for Luke’s Gospel. Whilst piecing his gospel together, Luke may simply have decided to use Mark in block form; however that does not mean that Marcan material was added in later, in a two-stage composition (as noted by Taylor). Guthrie commented on this hypothesis, and said that although it had grounding, it was too weak to justify a full inquiry: â€Å"although the hypothesis may have explained certain features in the disruption of Luke, it cannot be said that features demand the hypothesis†.

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of 11+ Essay Samples

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The Importance Of In Health Service Organizations

The Importance of Dashboards in Health Service Organizations Introduction The core of any successful health service organization’s mission is to improve the quality of patient care and satisfaction all the while maximizing profitability. Health service’s executives are responsible for initiating fiscal strategies, planning for favorable outcomes, and executing their vision and measuring operational key performance indicators (KPI’s). KPI’s indicate how well their organization is achieving value through financial and clinical metrics that help drive vision and mission. To do this well, health service leadership require a 360-degree perspective of their organization’s business performance to view and quickly understand where their organization compares universally. The Business Intelligence dashboard is a streamlined, easily accessible, and a more accurate and significant reporting process. It presents the ability to gauge performances, understand the impact of perpetually changing conditions; it assists in making quick and well-informed decisions for performance scenario planning, as well as what-if-analysis, at all various levels of comprehensive and real-time information. In short, the dashboards provide a succinct and yet visually appealing snapshot of an organization’s performance, as a result, leadership create accountability and are better able to focus on more value added activities for proactive guidance for employees to work consistently together as a whole.Show MoreRelatedThe Continuum Of Care Services836 Words   |  4 Pagescare refers to the range of services in a health care system. It is used to provide three major services one being provides health related support services; maximizing cost effectiveness by using the r esources available and enhance the quality and continuity of care for those who are have complex and/or ongoing health problem. 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Water Pollution Causes And Effects - 2288 Words

Water Pollution Water pollution occurs when there is an accumulation of substances in water that would then cause issues for humans and animals. The main aspect that determines the pollution is the amount of pollutants that are present and how large the body of water is. In other words, the quantity of pollutants in relation to the size of the body of water. The earth has two types of water resources: surface and ground water. The surface water is stored in lakes, oceans, and rivers while the ground water is stored in aquifers. Water pollution can occur directly from a point source such as a factory releasing its waste into a water body, a non-point source such as water runoff of pesticides from a farm finding its way into a water body or†¦show more content†¦In Kewaunee County, a county in northeast Wisconsin, the problem of water pollution is a constant problem, with the number of cows present in the county being blamed for the problem. About 50 percent of the town’s private wells currently have water that exceeds bacteria or nitrate safety standards. Impact on Human Quality of Life Animal agriculture manure and farming fertilizers bring nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to the proverbial water pollution â€Å"table.† (Wilson, 2014). This causes an effect on animals and humans. Manure is one of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pollution of surface and ground water. This results in high nutrient levels which result in algae blooms. In addition, water with high levels of nitrates have a bad taste and can result in a fatal condition of methemoglobinemia also call â€Å"blue baby syndrome†. Humans are susceptible to many diseases from animal manure such as, E. coli O157, listeriosis, salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis and mad cow disease. Furthermore, lead which can be found in manure can cause malfunctions in the nervous system and the kidneys. 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Titanic Free Essays

One of the best known films of all time, in my opinion, is â€Å"Titanicâ€Å". Directed by James Cameron in 1997, this film captured both my attention and my heart with the plot of a tragic event hand in hand with a love story with everything but a happy ending. He managed to combine TragedyThe real story behind this film is that of the ship of dreams also believed to be the unsinkable ship and its tragic journey to the ocean floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic or any similar topic only for you Order Now The love story that caught all of our hearts is that of Jack Dawson and Rose. They’ve been brought together by this majesty boat from opposite ends of the spectrum in an era where status is everything. Timing was also against them with the pressure of Rose’s engagement to Cal Hockley. Rose’s snobby mother Ruth Dewitt was also a major obstacle to their relationship from the beginning and insists on the marriage of Rose and Cal Hockley because of his inheritance. The story is narrated by aged Rose to a group of explorers who wanted to know more details about the wreck of the Titanic. The movie begins with the exploration of the sunken Titanic by treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team. They are searching for a necklace called the â€Å"Heart of the Oceanâ€Å". They believe the necklace is in Cal’s safe, which they recover. Instead of finding the priceless diamond, they find a drawing of a nude woman wearing the necklace, dated the same night the Titanic hit the iceberg, April 14, 1912. Rose Dawson sees the painting on TV and immediately contacts the explorers and tells them she is the woman in the drawing. Brock Lovett, being very interested in her story, brings Rose and her granddaughter Lizzy to the ship. When asked if she knows the whereabouts of the necklace, Rose recalls her memories in a flashback and brought us aboard the Titanic. The story begins with Jack and his best friend, Fabrizio, betting everything they have on a game of poker for life changing tickets to board the Titanic, minutes before its departure. They win the tickets and head for America on what was believed to be at the time, mans greatest creation, the Titanic. Rose and Jack were part of opposite social classes on the ship. Rose being the part of the wealthy stayed in first class quarters while Jack being part of the third class passengers belonged in the bowels of the ship. It wasn’t until one night that Rose was just fed up by the distress by the engagement and the pressure from her mother, that she come out to the dock and considers suicide. Seconds aways from reaching the point of no return and jumping, Jack comes from behind and talks her out of jumping. From that night on Jack and Rose develop a relationship of friendship with undeniable potential to be soul mates. Jack soon discovers the not so pleasant people of â€Å"high society,† and sees clearly why Rose is so desperate to break away from that world. Jack was looked down upon by Cal, Ruth, and most of Rose’s acquaintances. It was long before Cal and Ruth forbid that Rose see Jack. Weighing out her options, Rose decides to defy her mothers orders and meet with Jack. She soon realizes that Jack’s world and Jack himself is an escape from her marriage to Cal. This leads to one of the best scenes, where Rose takes Jack back to her room and asks him to draw a portrait of her wearing nothing but the heart of the ocean necklace, an engagement present from Cal. The same portrait that was found years later in Cal’s safe in place of the necklace itself. Afterwards, the two find their way to the ship’s cargo hold, where, for the first time, they make love. Perhaps one of the most steaming, lust filled scenes in movie history. After that scene Jack and Rose go up to the deck and experience what is going to change everyone’s life on that ship. The ship collides with an iceberg that the ships crew weren’t in time to prevent. They also overhear the crew speaking of the seriousness, so they get a heads up. They then rush to inform Cal and her mother. But before Rose reaches her mother and Cal to warn them about the collision with the iceberg, Cal confronts her. He has found the sketch that Jack had painted of her. He then plots against Jack by dropping the necklace into his coat pocket and frames him for being a thief. Jack is then arrested, taken to a room, and handcuffed to a pipe. Rose, being lied to about Jacks action, is then left with no choice but to leave with Cal. Cal, Ruth, and Rose then rush to one of the few life boats on the ship to try and escape what they already know will be a deadly end. As the minutes pass and the ship stands still on the icy cold sea water, panic on the ship grows immensely. As Rose takes her place in the lifeboat, she decides to leave Cal, he mother along with her safety and rejoin Jack on this shipwreck to be. Rose is racing frantically against the panicking crowds in an effort to fin and save Jack. She soon realizes that the deck she has to go thru is already a couple of feet underwater. Without hesitation, she continues and goes on to find the room where Jack is handcuffed. The room quickly begins to flood; and without a key to set Jack free, Rose goes back into the hallways and finds an axe. After only a couple practice hits, she swings the axe down and cuts thru the cuffs. By the time they get back to the deck the ship is halfway underwater. They make their way to the lifeboats but they were only letting the woman and children board. Rose of course didn’t leave him the first and doesn’t leave him this time either. Moments later everyone including Jack and Rose are racing to the front of the boat and it rises higher and higher into the sky. The ship now being in a 90 degree angle, Jack and Rose hold their breath as the boat finally goes underwater. After a few seconds of being separated they find each other in the icy cold water surrounded by fifteen hundred others shouting for help. They are hoping for the lifeboats to return for them. Meanwhile they come across this floating wooden board, buts it’s only big enough to sustain one of them. Rose lies on the wooden board and holds jacks hands and wait. Wait to die, wait for rescue, just wait. It gets quieter and quieter as the minutes pass, and finally one boat comes back. When Rose realizes that there’s a boat, she tries to wake up Jack only find him lifeless still holding on tight to her hand. Definitely the saddest moment of the movie, this scene brings me to tears. Rose then blows a whistle she had taken from one of the already dead officers floating next to them. With nothing but just a memory of Jack Dawson, Rose survives that’s horrific night to grow old and live life like Jack said she would. Rose finishes her remarkable story, and that same night she reveals that she had this diamond all along and returns it to where she always thought that it belonged. In my opinion of the most memorable scenes was the image of the thousands of people struggling in the ice cold dark waters when Rose came out of the water without Jack. I can picture it so vividly. Another scene that I remembered is where an old couple embraces each other in bed knowing that they were going to drown. The love scene in the car where the windows of the car are fogged up show the passion that Rose and Jack had for each other. Titanic is filled with the most impressive camera movements like the swooping motions around the moving ship which he uses various times throughout the movie. They’re just breathtaking. Probably the most epic and mind-blowing camera moves were those during the collision and sinking of the Titanic. The way you see people falling from the ship slamming into the water, hitting the objects on their way down to the swallowing ocean, one character even hit the propeller. Before the movie hit the big screen, the press was trashing Titanic, mainly because the cost of this film extremely over budget. Well let me be one of the many to say that it was worth every single penny. There is nothing I’ve seen in years that comes close to the power and glory of Titanic. Perhaps it’s because the movie was based on a real story. And, of course, it was a movie that contained drama, action, adventure and we cannot forget the romance. Titanic is also a symbol of a time when the movies swept you away in another world and kept you there. Even knowing what is to come at the end, your eyes will be transfixed. It’s that good. That’s why I believe this movie will be as popular and well known for many generation to come as it was the year it premiered and as recognizable as it is today. How to cite Titanic, Papers

Reforms in Australian Education-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reforms in Australian Education. Answer: Introduction Australian government has an increased interest in driving this economy to excellence through the development of the education system. The education system has currently been developed to meet a higher standard quality. The tertiary education level defines the profession in which students choose to hold in their future. Higher education level increases the knowledge on specific fields and thus raises the labor productivity (Harrington, 2017). Funding for the Australian public school is one of the reforms that have been welcomed by many parents while it has been criticized by others. This makes public schools more affordable as they are funded according to their needs (Balogh, 2017). The reform on the funding of higher education has raised many issues from parents, students, politicians and the policy makers. The government announced a cut in the higher education funding. This is explained in the article Universities and students lose out in reform package issues in May 2017 by Angel Calderon. The students lack the information of why the government could implement such a reform. This report will help create an awareness of the reason behind the policy makers implementing such a policy. The view made will be followed by certain recommendations that may be useful to the policy makers. It will be noted in this paper that the decision has been faced with resistance and thus not clear whether the legislation will be passed. Article Analysis The reform package announced by the Australian government in May 2017 was to convince universities to welcome the decision of reduction in funding which was projected to save from 2 to 2.8 billion Australian dollars. If this policy went through, the fees for domestic students is expected to rise by an annual rate of 1.8% from 2017 to 2021 (Calderon, 2017). The current governments funding is at 585 but is proposed to be reduced to 54%. This would mean an increased proportion of per student payment from 42 to 46% during this period (Croucher, 2017). The proposal is also accompanied by a reduction in the threshold for which the students starts paying their loans after school completion (Bexley, 2017). Initially, the threshold was for one employed and earning an annual salary of AU$ 54,869; his was for 2016-2017. However, this threshold is reduced to AU$ 40,000 and is expected to increase the number of debtors repayment by 180,000. This was however noted to be a disadvantage to the low-i ncome bracket and those from poor backgrounds. Fig: International students enrollment in Australia Source: Internationaleducation.gov.au (2015) The graph indicates an increased level of international students enrollment in Australian higher education institutions. This explains the increased non-government funding for higher education. However, this is expected to change if the proposal is passed. The greatest disadvantage for this reform will be to the permanent residents residing in Australia (Including the Zealanders) because they will be denied access to commonwealth supported places which will leave them with the biggest obligation of paying the full domestic school fees (Carol, 2017). For this reason, it has been noted that the rate at which these residents will defer their studies will rise until they become Australian citizens. This will be a great disadvantage to the Australian universities as most of them rely on the income raised from the international students as a form of non-government funding. The percentage of funding received from the international students was about 19% of the total spending as at 2015. The global financial crisis led to the weakening of the Australian labor market and thus a loss of full-time employment opportunities for the fresh graduates. This has accelerated the rate of frictional unemployment. The income inequality gap is rising owing to such reasons and thus the governments objective of ensuring the presence of distribution of income is undermined. Besides the negative impacts presumed to result from this policy implementation, it is worth noting that the government is trying to improve transparency and accountability in the universities by tying a performance-based funding program to the funding reduction proposal (Turnbull Birmingham, 2017). For this purpose, a 7.5% of Commonwealth Grant Scheme funding has been reserved by the government. This is meant to ensure that there is improved performance in the universities by raising the need for the extra reward. Recommendation The government should change the structure of the Australian labor market such that it will be easier and fast for the fresh graduates to get jobs immediately they leave the universities. This will have a similar effect as the reduction in the earning threshold reduction; it would even be better since it would facilitate immediate commencement of the loan repayment. These repayments would be then used in offering help to other needy students. The idea of the international students paying a full domestic fees is not a productive idea as it would seem as if the government is discouraging the presence of international students in this economy. The government should therefore promote international studies by not eliminating the help that was initially given to international students. This would be enabled by allowing private institutions to offer help to students but at a controlled interest rate on the loan to avoid exploitation of students. Conclusion The funding by the government does not lower the school fees payable to the universities. The same fees will be payable, but the extra burden will be carried by the students. This explains the reason why students are not ready to welcome this funding reduction policy. The loss of commonwealth place will make the foreign students to defer their studies and this will be a big loss to the universities since it will result in loss of the non-government funding. The proposal made therefore will not only hurt the students, but also the universities. If this proposal is passed, the countries neighboring Australia will cut their demand for opportunities in their higher education institutions. Also, Australian will also find it cheaper to study overseas than in Australia. References Balogh, S. (2017). Public parents back Turnbulls fair education reforms. Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/public-parents-back-turnbulls-fair-education-reforms/news-story/38300f823a8dac0dc66029385fd52460. Bexley, E. (2017). Higher education reform: small changes for now but big ones to come. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978. Calderon, A. (2017). Universities and students lose out in reform package. Universityworldnews.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20170505201144780. Carol, E. (2017). Higher education reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201718/HigherEducationReform. Croucher, G. (2017). 2017 higher education reform: cuts to universities, higher fees for students. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/2017-higher-education-reform-cuts-to-universities-higher-fees-for-students-63185. Harrington, M. (2017). School reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/schoolreform. Internationaleducation.gov.au. (2015). International Student Data 2015. Internationaleducation.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/International-Student-Data/Pages/InternationalStudentData2015.aspx. Turnbull, M., Birmingham, S. (2017). The quality reforms needed to get all Australian students ahead. Liberal Party of Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2016/05/01/quality-reforms-needed-get-all-australian-students-ahead.

Taylor Swift, free essay sample

Taylor Swift â€Å"Fearless† album review â€Å"You take my hand and drag me head first, fearless.† That is only one of the lines on this album that will get stuck in your head for days. All in all, Taylor Swift’s sophomore album is anything but disappointing! It seems Swift is reading any teenage girl’s mind as each song unfolds. Every song is open and honest to the core. It’s almost like every song is a young girl’s diary shining through in a heartfelt song. There are songs with everything from breakups, (You’re Not Sorry, White Horse, and many more) to your first day of High School (Fifteen), to a good relationship with your mother, (The Best Day). Although her vocals can be a tad weak, she has her own unique sound, and it seems unimaginable to picture anyone else singing or recording her songs! It is most likely that is because every song on the album is either written or co-written by Taylor herself! The only downside I would say to the album is the fact that almost every song is the same slow tempo. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor Swift, or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is the occasional two, (Forever and Always and Tell Me Why). Also, this album is far more pop than her debut album, which included more country twang than this. Having said that, it is still a phenomenal album. CAUTION! This album is addicting!