Water Pollution Causes And Effects - 2288 Words

Water Pollution Water pollution occurs when there is an accumulation of substances in water that would then cause issues for humans and animals. The main aspect that determines the pollution is the amount of pollutants that are present and how large the body of water is. In other words, the quantity of pollutants in relation to the size of the body of water. The earth has two types of water resources: surface and ground water. The surface water is stored in lakes, oceans, and rivers while the ground water is stored in aquifers. Water pollution can occur directly from a point source such as a factory releasing its waste into a water body, a non-point source such as water runoff of pesticides from a farm finding its way into a water body or†¦show more content†¦In Kewaunee County, a county in northeast Wisconsin, the problem of water pollution is a constant problem, with the number of cows present in the county being blamed for the problem. About 50 percent of the town’s private wells currently have water that exceeds bacteria or nitrate safety standards. Impact on Human Quality of Life Animal agriculture manure and farming fertilizers bring nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to the proverbial water pollution â€Å"table.† (Wilson, 2014). This causes an effect on animals and humans. Manure is one of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pollution of surface and ground water. This results in high nutrient levels which result in algae blooms. In addition, water with high levels of nitrates have a bad taste and can result in a fatal condition of methemoglobinemia also call â€Å"blue baby syndrome†. Humans are susceptible to many diseases from animal manure such as, E. coli O157, listeriosis, salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis and mad cow disease. Furthermore, lead which can be found in manure can cause malfunctions in the nervous system and the kidneys. The examples below show the effects of water pollution on human quality of life: In May 2000, around half of Walkerton’s 5,000 residents fell severely ill and seven people died when cow manure washed into a well. The extent of the water pollution in the small Canadian town was concealed from the public, people drank from their taps and the resultShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Water Pollution1292 Words   |  5 Pagesof our Earth surface is covered by water and almost 60% of the human body contain water for nutrient transportation. The unique characteristic of water is water molecule is the only substance in this Earth that exist in all three physical states of matter which are solid, liquid and gas. All human beings need water to survive. The national development over the years cause the rate of water pollution increased. According to Gebre Rooijen (2009) water pollution can be considered as a sign that derivesRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects1147 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Water Pollution613 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many causes for water pollution. The main one is plastics. The reason for that is that plastics take four hundred and fifty years to decompose in the water. Also many companies use plastic and people throw it in the waterways. Because water can float and be carried by the wind, it can cause harm to unsuspecting creatures hundreds of feet from where it was originally dumped. Such waste includes bags, bottles, cups, straws, cup lids, utensils, six pack holders, cling wrap, fishing lineRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On The Environment And Ecosystem968 Words   |  4 PagesPollution The air we breathe, the water we drink, the ground where we grow our food, is polluted with harmful things. Pollution is the introduction of harmful or poisonous effects of a substance into the environment. It disrupts the balance of people’s lifestyle when they are contaminate. Pollution balance in the environment and ecosystem. The environment is in the process of becoming unsafe or unsuitable to use. Pollution can come in many different form, such as air, water, soil can have pollutantRead MorePoison Water Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesPoison Water The consequence of polluting the earth is constantly ignored by human beings. Pollution is dangerous and harmful to both living things and the environment. Chemical waste, fertilizer and numerous additional are one of the most important affect which is leading us to damaging possessions of water pollution, Pollution should be condensed in order to make available a cleaner environment and generate healthy living environment and habitat for all life forms on earth. Water pollution alsoRead MoreThe Issue of Marine Life Pollution1538 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Essay: Marine Life Pollution Introduction: Pollution can be defined in different prospective including economics. The economics definition of pollution denotes pollutions as loss of environ quality. Furthermore it defines the cost of pollution as the cost of environmental loss (Goodstein, 2011). However the literary meanings of pollution are defined as the contamination of environment that can cause harmful effects on the inhabitants. These effects are particular with the environment and a numberRead MoreThesis Statement1030 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement Water pollution has had devastating effects on the environment, which include irreversible effects to the oceans ecosystem, health problems and abnormal conditions. interference of the oceans ecosystem - Plastic storage bags can kill animals in the oceans like dolphins, turtles and whales. It is easy for wildlife to swallow and eventually causes death. * Over 1.5 billion tons of plastic water bottles end up in US landfills each year. It takes over 300 years to degradeRead MoreThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health.Docx Uploaded Successfully1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health Abstract Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detrimentRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesmany kinds of pollution, but one that has the most impact on humans would be air pollution. In order to live, we must breathe air and surprisingly some things that we breathe takes a toll on our health. Air pollution occurs when pollutants are released into the atmosphere. It has both chronic and acute effects on human health which effects a number of different systems and organsFossil fuel combustion such as diesel fuel, coal, gasoline and natural gas is the main source of air pollution. Most of this

Titanic Free Essays

One of the best known films of all time, in my opinion, is â€Å"Titanicâ€Å". Directed by James Cameron in 1997, this film captured both my attention and my heart with the plot of a tragic event hand in hand with a love story with everything but a happy ending. He managed to combine TragedyThe real story behind this film is that of the ship of dreams also believed to be the unsinkable ship and its tragic journey to the ocean floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic or any similar topic only for you Order Now The love story that caught all of our hearts is that of Jack Dawson and Rose. They’ve been brought together by this majesty boat from opposite ends of the spectrum in an era where status is everything. Timing was also against them with the pressure of Rose’s engagement to Cal Hockley. Rose’s snobby mother Ruth Dewitt was also a major obstacle to their relationship from the beginning and insists on the marriage of Rose and Cal Hockley because of his inheritance. The story is narrated by aged Rose to a group of explorers who wanted to know more details about the wreck of the Titanic. The movie begins with the exploration of the sunken Titanic by treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team. They are searching for a necklace called the â€Å"Heart of the Oceanâ€Å". They believe the necklace is in Cal’s safe, which they recover. Instead of finding the priceless diamond, they find a drawing of a nude woman wearing the necklace, dated the same night the Titanic hit the iceberg, April 14, 1912. Rose Dawson sees the painting on TV and immediately contacts the explorers and tells them she is the woman in the drawing. Brock Lovett, being very interested in her story, brings Rose and her granddaughter Lizzy to the ship. When asked if she knows the whereabouts of the necklace, Rose recalls her memories in a flashback and brought us aboard the Titanic. The story begins with Jack and his best friend, Fabrizio, betting everything they have on a game of poker for life changing tickets to board the Titanic, minutes before its departure. They win the tickets and head for America on what was believed to be at the time, mans greatest creation, the Titanic. Rose and Jack were part of opposite social classes on the ship. Rose being the part of the wealthy stayed in first class quarters while Jack being part of the third class passengers belonged in the bowels of the ship. It wasn’t until one night that Rose was just fed up by the distress by the engagement and the pressure from her mother, that she come out to the dock and considers suicide. Seconds aways from reaching the point of no return and jumping, Jack comes from behind and talks her out of jumping. From that night on Jack and Rose develop a relationship of friendship with undeniable potential to be soul mates. Jack soon discovers the not so pleasant people of â€Å"high society,† and sees clearly why Rose is so desperate to break away from that world. Jack was looked down upon by Cal, Ruth, and most of Rose’s acquaintances. It was long before Cal and Ruth forbid that Rose see Jack. Weighing out her options, Rose decides to defy her mothers orders and meet with Jack. She soon realizes that Jack’s world and Jack himself is an escape from her marriage to Cal. This leads to one of the best scenes, where Rose takes Jack back to her room and asks him to draw a portrait of her wearing nothing but the heart of the ocean necklace, an engagement present from Cal. The same portrait that was found years later in Cal’s safe in place of the necklace itself. Afterwards, the two find their way to the ship’s cargo hold, where, for the first time, they make love. Perhaps one of the most steaming, lust filled scenes in movie history. After that scene Jack and Rose go up to the deck and experience what is going to change everyone’s life on that ship. The ship collides with an iceberg that the ships crew weren’t in time to prevent. They also overhear the crew speaking of the seriousness, so they get a heads up. They then rush to inform Cal and her mother. But before Rose reaches her mother and Cal to warn them about the collision with the iceberg, Cal confronts her. He has found the sketch that Jack had painted of her. He then plots against Jack by dropping the necklace into his coat pocket and frames him for being a thief. Jack is then arrested, taken to a room, and handcuffed to a pipe. Rose, being lied to about Jacks action, is then left with no choice but to leave with Cal. Cal, Ruth, and Rose then rush to one of the few life boats on the ship to try and escape what they already know will be a deadly end. As the minutes pass and the ship stands still on the icy cold sea water, panic on the ship grows immensely. As Rose takes her place in the lifeboat, she decides to leave Cal, he mother along with her safety and rejoin Jack on this shipwreck to be. Rose is racing frantically against the panicking crowds in an effort to fin and save Jack. She soon realizes that the deck she has to go thru is already a couple of feet underwater. Without hesitation, she continues and goes on to find the room where Jack is handcuffed. The room quickly begins to flood; and without a key to set Jack free, Rose goes back into the hallways and finds an axe. After only a couple practice hits, she swings the axe down and cuts thru the cuffs. By the time they get back to the deck the ship is halfway underwater. They make their way to the lifeboats but they were only letting the woman and children board. Rose of course didn’t leave him the first and doesn’t leave him this time either. Moments later everyone including Jack and Rose are racing to the front of the boat and it rises higher and higher into the sky. The ship now being in a 90 degree angle, Jack and Rose hold their breath as the boat finally goes underwater. After a few seconds of being separated they find each other in the icy cold water surrounded by fifteen hundred others shouting for help. They are hoping for the lifeboats to return for them. Meanwhile they come across this floating wooden board, buts it’s only big enough to sustain one of them. Rose lies on the wooden board and holds jacks hands and wait. Wait to die, wait for rescue, just wait. It gets quieter and quieter as the minutes pass, and finally one boat comes back. When Rose realizes that there’s a boat, she tries to wake up Jack only find him lifeless still holding on tight to her hand. Definitely the saddest moment of the movie, this scene brings me to tears. Rose then blows a whistle she had taken from one of the already dead officers floating next to them. With nothing but just a memory of Jack Dawson, Rose survives that’s horrific night to grow old and live life like Jack said she would. Rose finishes her remarkable story, and that same night she reveals that she had this diamond all along and returns it to where she always thought that it belonged. In my opinion of the most memorable scenes was the image of the thousands of people struggling in the ice cold dark waters when Rose came out of the water without Jack. I can picture it so vividly. Another scene that I remembered is where an old couple embraces each other in bed knowing that they were going to drown. The love scene in the car where the windows of the car are fogged up show the passion that Rose and Jack had for each other. Titanic is filled with the most impressive camera movements like the swooping motions around the moving ship which he uses various times throughout the movie. They’re just breathtaking. Probably the most epic and mind-blowing camera moves were those during the collision and sinking of the Titanic. The way you see people falling from the ship slamming into the water, hitting the objects on their way down to the swallowing ocean, one character even hit the propeller. Before the movie hit the big screen, the press was trashing Titanic, mainly because the cost of this film extremely over budget. Well let me be one of the many to say that it was worth every single penny. There is nothing I’ve seen in years that comes close to the power and glory of Titanic. Perhaps it’s because the movie was based on a real story. And, of course, it was a movie that contained drama, action, adventure and we cannot forget the romance. Titanic is also a symbol of a time when the movies swept you away in another world and kept you there. Even knowing what is to come at the end, your eyes will be transfixed. It’s that good. That’s why I believe this movie will be as popular and well known for many generation to come as it was the year it premiered and as recognizable as it is today. How to cite Titanic, Papers

Reforms in Australian Education-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reforms in Australian Education. Answer: Introduction Australian government has an increased interest in driving this economy to excellence through the development of the education system. The education system has currently been developed to meet a higher standard quality. The tertiary education level defines the profession in which students choose to hold in their future. Higher education level increases the knowledge on specific fields and thus raises the labor productivity (Harrington, 2017). Funding for the Australian public school is one of the reforms that have been welcomed by many parents while it has been criticized by others. This makes public schools more affordable as they are funded according to their needs (Balogh, 2017). The reform on the funding of higher education has raised many issues from parents, students, politicians and the policy makers. The government announced a cut in the higher education funding. This is explained in the article Universities and students lose out in reform package issues in May 2017 by Angel Calderon. The students lack the information of why the government could implement such a reform. This report will help create an awareness of the reason behind the policy makers implementing such a policy. The view made will be followed by certain recommendations that may be useful to the policy makers. It will be noted in this paper that the decision has been faced with resistance and thus not clear whether the legislation will be passed. Article Analysis The reform package announced by the Australian government in May 2017 was to convince universities to welcome the decision of reduction in funding which was projected to save from 2 to 2.8 billion Australian dollars. If this policy went through, the fees for domestic students is expected to rise by an annual rate of 1.8% from 2017 to 2021 (Calderon, 2017). The current governments funding is at 585 but is proposed to be reduced to 54%. This would mean an increased proportion of per student payment from 42 to 46% during this period (Croucher, 2017). The proposal is also accompanied by a reduction in the threshold for which the students starts paying their loans after school completion (Bexley, 2017). Initially, the threshold was for one employed and earning an annual salary of AU$ 54,869; his was for 2016-2017. However, this threshold is reduced to AU$ 40,000 and is expected to increase the number of debtors repayment by 180,000. This was however noted to be a disadvantage to the low-i ncome bracket and those from poor backgrounds. Fig: International students enrollment in Australia Source: Internationaleducation.gov.au (2015) The graph indicates an increased level of international students enrollment in Australian higher education institutions. This explains the increased non-government funding for higher education. However, this is expected to change if the proposal is passed. The greatest disadvantage for this reform will be to the permanent residents residing in Australia (Including the Zealanders) because they will be denied access to commonwealth supported places which will leave them with the biggest obligation of paying the full domestic school fees (Carol, 2017). For this reason, it has been noted that the rate at which these residents will defer their studies will rise until they become Australian citizens. This will be a great disadvantage to the Australian universities as most of them rely on the income raised from the international students as a form of non-government funding. The percentage of funding received from the international students was about 19% of the total spending as at 2015. The global financial crisis led to the weakening of the Australian labor market and thus a loss of full-time employment opportunities for the fresh graduates. This has accelerated the rate of frictional unemployment. The income inequality gap is rising owing to such reasons and thus the governments objective of ensuring the presence of distribution of income is undermined. Besides the negative impacts presumed to result from this policy implementation, it is worth noting that the government is trying to improve transparency and accountability in the universities by tying a performance-based funding program to the funding reduction proposal (Turnbull Birmingham, 2017). For this purpose, a 7.5% of Commonwealth Grant Scheme funding has been reserved by the government. This is meant to ensure that there is improved performance in the universities by raising the need for the extra reward. Recommendation The government should change the structure of the Australian labor market such that it will be easier and fast for the fresh graduates to get jobs immediately they leave the universities. This will have a similar effect as the reduction in the earning threshold reduction; it would even be better since it would facilitate immediate commencement of the loan repayment. These repayments would be then used in offering help to other needy students. The idea of the international students paying a full domestic fees is not a productive idea as it would seem as if the government is discouraging the presence of international students in this economy. The government should therefore promote international studies by not eliminating the help that was initially given to international students. This would be enabled by allowing private institutions to offer help to students but at a controlled interest rate on the loan to avoid exploitation of students. Conclusion The funding by the government does not lower the school fees payable to the universities. The same fees will be payable, but the extra burden will be carried by the students. This explains the reason why students are not ready to welcome this funding reduction policy. The loss of commonwealth place will make the foreign students to defer their studies and this will be a big loss to the universities since it will result in loss of the non-government funding. The proposal made therefore will not only hurt the students, but also the universities. If this proposal is passed, the countries neighboring Australia will cut their demand for opportunities in their higher education institutions. Also, Australian will also find it cheaper to study overseas than in Australia. References Balogh, S. (2017). Public parents back Turnbulls fair education reforms. Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/public-parents-back-turnbulls-fair-education-reforms/news-story/38300f823a8dac0dc66029385fd52460. Bexley, E. (2017). Higher education reform: small changes for now but big ones to come. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978. Calderon, A. (2017). Universities and students lose out in reform package. Universityworldnews.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20170505201144780. Carol, E. (2017). Higher education reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201718/HigherEducationReform. Croucher, G. (2017). 2017 higher education reform: cuts to universities, higher fees for students. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/2017-higher-education-reform-cuts-to-universities-higher-fees-for-students-63185. Harrington, M. (2017). School reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/schoolreform. Internationaleducation.gov.au. (2015). International Student Data 2015. Internationaleducation.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/International-Student-Data/Pages/InternationalStudentData2015.aspx. Turnbull, M., Birmingham, S. (2017). The quality reforms needed to get all Australian students ahead. Liberal Party of Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2016/05/01/quality-reforms-needed-get-all-australian-students-ahead.

Taylor Swift, free essay sample

Taylor Swift â€Å"Fearless† album review â€Å"You take my hand and drag me head first, fearless.† That is only one of the lines on this album that will get stuck in your head for days. All in all, Taylor Swift’s sophomore album is anything but disappointing! It seems Swift is reading any teenage girl’s mind as each song unfolds. Every song is open and honest to the core. It’s almost like every song is a young girl’s diary shining through in a heartfelt song. There are songs with everything from breakups, (You’re Not Sorry, White Horse, and many more) to your first day of High School (Fifteen), to a good relationship with your mother, (The Best Day). Although her vocals can be a tad weak, she has her own unique sound, and it seems unimaginable to picture anyone else singing or recording her songs! It is most likely that is because every song on the album is either written or co-written by Taylor herself! The only downside I would say to the album is the fact that almost every song is the same slow tempo. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor Swift, or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is the occasional two, (Forever and Always and Tell Me Why). Also, this album is far more pop than her debut album, which included more country twang than this. Having said that, it is still a phenomenal album. CAUTION! This album is addicting!

Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners

Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners Teachers need to understand that students, who are usually in their classrooms, come from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the learning process should cater for the different needs of the different students.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The SRA Open Court Reading curriculum for students in their third grades entails vocabulary, spelling, phonemic awareness, explicit phonics, writer’s craft, fluency, listening, grammar, usage and mechanics, writing process strategies, speaking and viewing skills, award-winning literature, text comprehension and penmanship. Supplemental materials obtained online, encyclopedias and related sources are used when a theme calls for wider exploration. Science and social studies are also integrated throughout the curriculum. This cur riculum is adequately diversified but, there is need to bridge cultures by ensuring that each and every student is fully involved in the learning process. This paper aims at doing precisely that, describing how teachers can incorporate a multi-cultural approach into the SRA Open Court Reading curriculum to enhance the learning process. The presence of students who are not within the mainstream of American culture and who speak English as their second language calls for a multi-cultural approach in learning. Those within the mainstream American culture are the Caucasians or the White who values American cultural traditions and values, and speaks English as the first language. It is evident that the Open Court Reading Curriculum adopts the set-up of an American mainstream class. In addition, students are given the opportunity to practice what they have learned on an individual basis and this is only suitable for the American mainstream students. The importance of integrating a multi-c ultural approach in the Open Court Reading curriculum is to ensure that all students are exposed to the same educational opportunities. The OPC curriculum is associated with academic failure amongst certain ethnic minority groups hence the need to incorporate a multi-cultural approach.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is quite obvious that students from other cultures different from the American mainstream face certain kinds of learning handicaps where American mainstream values dominate. These learning handicaps prevail from the fact that students experience discordance between home and school values. Subsequently, the learning capacity of the students is affected leading to poor performance (Gibson, 1984). The school should be a versatile place that can transform anytime in as far as the interests of the students are being catered for. The notion of minority a nd majority groups with regard to cultural diversity in America is inevitable. Both educators and parents need to undergo some form of training with regard to diversity of cultures and associated values. Both the educators and parents need to understand each other’s cultural values and practices so as to avoid conflicts that may jeopardize the achievement of the concerned students. Schools should ensure that they have training sessions to create awareness to their educators, who are mainly from the individualistic American mainstream. This helps the educators to adopt an integrated approach while teaching the students. Teachers therefore should embrace both the individualistic and collectivistic cultural approaches while teaching. The understanding of the dominating American culture by parents leads to the development of more explicit discussions with teachers on school practices and policies, and the rationales for them in a cultural context. The creation of awareness for bo th parents and teacher helps the students to acquire a dual cultural perspective, which enables them to accommodate school and home cultures. This enables the students to distinguish between the two cultures and develop a more open-minded approach to life in general (Trumbull et al. 2001). Trumbull and others talk about bridging cultures in schools by using an individualism/ collectivism framework. Some students come from collectivistic cultures, whose values are inclined towards inter-dependence and sharing and helping one another.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the American mainstream students are from individualistic cultures that values personal autonomy, self-expression, self-determination, independence and personal achievement. It should however be not ed that despite the fact that there are individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the converse of these cultures are also prevalent within these cultures. This is to say that, an individualistic culture also values collectivism and the collectivistic culture also values individualism. The difference is in the prioritization of values within the different cultures. Therefore, an integration of both cultures would augur well for both of them since none would be imposing on the other (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). Trumbull et al. (2001) indicates the importance for educators, referred to as school personnel, to understand the concepts and ideas behind individualism and collectivism since both of these cultural values act as a guide to somewhat different developmental scripts for children, and schooling. Conflict between the two cultural values is manifested everyday in U. S. classrooms. The understanding of these two cultural orientations with reference to their role in shaping goals and behavior is a stepping stone for both teachers and parents in interpreting each other’s expectations and thereby working together in a harmonious way (Trumbull et al. 2001). A collectivistic culture is characterized by interdependence, sharing and helping one another. In addition, the actions of an individual aim at ensuring the well-being and success of the entire family. This is the complete converse of individualistic cultures characterized by total independence of people as each person is considered to be a complete unit. The actions of an individual affect only this individual person because there are no shared responsibilities and interests. Cultural conflict between the teachers, students and their families is very dangerous because it may ruin the efforts of very intelligent students. In collectivistic cultures, third grade students rely on their parents when it comes to decision making hence, in a language unit where students are meant to make th eir own decisions, these students may fail to do so. It is because of such reliance on parents that teachers perceive such students to be academically poor, yet this may not necessarily be the case. Lack of understanding the nature of the collectivistic culture from where these students come from regards such students as being of lower IQ when compared with their colleagues.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, a proper understanding of the students’ carious cultures results in parental involvement since the parent, in such cultures, has full responsibility for his/her child. An understanding of such a practice by the teacher promotes parental involvement in a child’s learning process both at home and in school. There is need therefore for a positive relationship between the parent and the school personnel to prevail because this is the gateway towards the success and high achievement of the students (Clark, 2011). Learning vocabulary for example entails an array of activities and exercises. Students are meant to learn the antonyms of a particular word, compound words, contractions, figurative language, homographs, context clues, comparatives/superlatives, synonyms, prefixes, suffixes and much more related to vocabulary. The understanding of the values and practices of other cultures by the school personnel is followed by a wider perception of the non-Ameri can mainstream students’ abilities without conforming them to the US system. In this area of vocabulary, an educator can give detailed meanings and examples of words in the various languages as reflected by the different students in class. This creates a better understanding and usage of the word while speaking and writing (Grade Three, 2011). In addition, educators should include some classroom discussion sessions where students work together and share ideas and concepts. This makes the learning process livelier and enhances understanding of the students. Students coming from collectivistic cultures go to school as a way of honoring their families and not themselves therefore they work very hard to ensure that they do not let their families down. Teachers should not disappoint these students but instead should provide them with all the support they require to become great achievers by the end of the day (Leake Black, 2005). Transmission of knowledge is different in differen t cultures and therefore, a teacher needs to understand this very well. This is influenced by social status since people with high social statuses are perceived to hold very essential cultural and technological knowledge. Children are not supposed to ask their elders questions because such demeanor is described as disrespect. Following this illustration, a third grade student from a low social class-the minority group may have difficulties participating and asking questions in class as a result of the values and lessons learned from his/her culture. Teachers should have counseling sessions for both children and their parents so that parents understand the needs of their children and set aside those cultural values that may impede on the performance of their children. This is in contrast with the individualistic approach of the mainstream Americans since the students are at liberty to form and express their opinions, and seek knowledge at a pace that they have self-determined. This k ind of cultural approach does not distinguish people based on possession of information since anyone has the right to obtain any kind of information whenever they require it (Leake Black, 2005). A way through which teachers would understand the different cultures represented by the students in his/her class would be by home visits (Gibson, 1984). Home visits are seen as a way of enhancing parent-teacher relationships and strengthening personal contact. Mini-conferences are another way through which teachers can contact their students’ parents. These mini-conferences occur when parents come to pick their children from school thereby creating a chance for the teacher to interact with the parent (s) and not necessarily discuss about the child. This is usually an opportunity for the teacher to create rapport with the parent(s) to avoid any form of misunderstanding (Trumbull et al. 2001). The interaction sessions between parents and teachers are usually utilized by the teachers s o as to take the perspectives of the parents to help them understand the parents’ ideas on roles of teachers and parents on the child/ren. Recognizing another culture’s ideas helps to bridge the gap between different cultures because teachers cease to patronize, and they no longer regard parents from other cultures as ignorant. It has been earlier indicated that parents play a very important role in their children’s education life and especially in collectivistic cultures. Therefore, mistreatment of a parent is usually a disadvantage for the child because such conflict would not foster harmony and shared developmental views pertaining to a child’s performance/achievement (Clark, 2011). Understanding another culture’s ideas and concepts helps to modify the classroom. Teachers should create more time for classroom discussions and student-to-student interaction. Individual assessment is the only means through which students can be assessed. Group acti vity should be incorporated in the assessment process as well. In addition, teachers should modify their teaching style so as to accommodate students from different cultures other than the American mainstream culture. For example instead of imposing the U.S system on the culturally diversified students, a teacher should integrate elements from different cultures into the classroom (Clark, 2011). Small group and individual instructions are a main characteristic of the Open Court Reading curriculum. Independent reading, which is a main cultural value of the American mainstream, is used. This individualistic value is not in accordance with some of the cultural values of the students in a class and as a result, learning and achievement of students with varying cultural values are affected. This kind of teaching is not effective because the main influence is from the American mainstream as it does not take into account the values of the non-American mainstream students. A teacher counter acts the effect of the mainstream American system by appreciating the different cultures and binging up topics on how different people do things differently. This not only helps the teacher but also enables the mainstream American students to appreciate their counterparts (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). Third grade students within the OPC curriculum are given a huge responsibility of discovering topics they are familiar with and care about. Most of the learning is based on a student’s individual effort and this may be conflicting with the beliefs and practices of students from non-American mainstream. A multi-cultural approach embraces the practices and values of all students and tries to bring about a balance between the various cultures so that no one student feels left out. Students from minority ethnic groups should be of main focus because their school performance is perceived to lag furthest behind national norms. Minority ethnic groups are highly suppress ed in terms of political and economic power and as a result, the children suffer from inferiority complex, which is a great impediment to the achievement of a child (Leake Black, 2005). The curriculum should include counselors experienced in handling students with different cultural affiliations. This is because, when a child from an entirely different cultural orientation is introduced into the American mainstream culture, he/she experiences culture shock and lack of understanding the new student may lead to biased judgment about the child. This subsequently affects his/her learning process from that moment. In addition, counselor may help the inferior students to snap out of their condition. Inferiority complex prevents a child from reaching his/her potential because they do not have the drive, and the determination, to make it. It is quite obvious that when an individual is exposed to a peculiar environment, he/she tends to be reserved and it becomes very difficult to express th eir selves. This is usually the case with students who are not of American origin and therefore, English is their second language. According to the Open Court Reading curriculum, there is no room for slowed learning and especially for these students who are not within the mainstream of American culture. This type of curriculum does not consider the fact that students having English as their second language do not grasp and understand concepts and ideas in the same as their counterparts. However, with the awareness of the different cultures, teachers should make their lessons more flexible and accommodative to help these new beginners in the English language to catch up. The main distinction between American mainstream and culturally and linguistically diverse people is the marginalization, discrimination and segregation between these two groups. This perception is brought down to education and subsequently affects the Open Court Reading curriculum. The result is rejection of cultura l deficit hypotheses that are associated with students’ school failure. The story of Jose Figueroa-Britapaja, Spanish, is an example of the painstaking ordeal that parents have gone through under the US education system (Clark, 2011). This story can is a reflection of the challenges that both third grade and their parents go through in an effort to fit into the US education system. Open Court Reading curriculum should include parental involvement in the school to make the learning environment of students friendlier. Non-American mainstream students would feel more at ease if the school curriculum would ensure that the parents are involved as much as possible in their children’s learning process. The parents could be involved through volunteering in the school, and by helping their children do their homework. Parents’ involvement in their children’s education would help these children catch up in their studies because the Open Court Reading curriculum does not pay special attention to any one student in class. These students will tend to trust their parents more and are likely to follow what their parents will tell them. Mattingly et al. (2002) support the idea that involvement of parents in their children’s learning process is associated with higher achievement. Parental involvement in schools helps teachers to understand the families and communities where students come from. Parental involvement takes place in the form of effective communication, parental participation in school decision making, parenting and home learning environment/activities, school collaboration with child’s community and parent volunteering (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). The practices of teachers, administrators, students and parents themselves influence parental involvement. Positive relationships between parents and school personnel are very important as they enhance parental involvement and establish equity (Moll, 2010). Parent al involvement in their children’s studies increases the proximity of culturally different families to teachers both physically and psychologically. Personal interactions between parents and the teachers of their children are better preferred amongst minority cultures (Diaz, 2000). Cultural diversity is a common occurrence in most communities and especially in the United States where boundaries are open. There is need for school personnel to acknowledge the existence and variation of cultures because of its influence on a student’s learning process. The adoption of a multi-cultural approach in education ensures that the needs of all students are met and there is no discrimination of some sort. All schools should ensure that they embrace this approach because it is a means of increasing students’ performance. In addition, it avoids poor classification of students due to their presumed lower learning capacity, yet they may be acting in accordance with their cultur al values. Teachers therefore need to be exposed to various cultural values and practices so as to avoid cultural conflicts, which usually affect the children. References Clark, J. E. (2011). Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Family Perspectives on Home-School Connections and Family Engagement: A Case Study of Four Middle Class Latin American Families. Dissertation: Kennesaw State University. Diaz, R. (2000). Latina parent educational participation: A pro-active approach. Unpublished Dissertation: University of California, Los Angeles. Gibson, M. A. (1984). Approaches to Multicultural Education in the United States: Some Concepts and Assumptions. Anthropology Education Quarterly, 15 (1), 94-120. Grade Three. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.jdslv.org/ Leake, D. Black, R. (2005). Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Implications for Transition Personnel. Minneapolis, MN: ICI Publications Office. Mattingly, D. (2002). Evaluating evaluations: The case of parent involvement progra ms. Review of Education Research, 72 (4), 549-576. Moll, L. (2010). Mobilizing culture, language, and educational practices: Fulfilling the Promises of Mendez and Brown. Educational Researcher, 39 (6), 451-460. Trumbull, E., et al. (2001). Bridging cultures between home and school: A guide for teachers. San Francisco: WestEd. Trumbull, E., Rothstein-Fisch, C. Hernandez, E. (2003). Parent Involvement in Schooling-According to whose Values? School Community Journal, 13, 45- 72.

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing is a topic at the heart of statistics. This technique belongs to a realm known as inferential statistics. Researchers from all sorts of different areas, such as psychology, marketing, and medicine, formulate hypotheses or claims about a population being studied. The ultimate goal of the research is to determine the validity of these claims. Carefully designed statistical experiments obtain sample data from the population. The data is in turn used to test the accuracy of a hypothesis concerning a population. The Rare Event Rule Hypothesis tests are based upon the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to quantify how likely it is for an event to occur. The underlying assumption for all inferential statistics deals with rare events, which is why probability is used so extensively. The rare event rule states that if an assumption is made and the probability of a certain observed event is very small, then the assumption is most likely incorrect. The basic idea here is that we test a claim by distinguishing between two different things: An event that easily occurs by chance.An event that is highly unlikely to occur by chance. If a highly unlikely event occurs, then we explain this by stating that a rare event really did take place, or that the assumption we started with was not true. Prognosticators and Probability As an example to intuitively grasp the ideas behind hypothesis testing, we’ll consider the following story. It’s a beautiful day outside so you decided to go on a walk. While you are walking you are confronted by a mysterious stranger. â€Å"Do not be alarmed,† he says, â€Å"this is your lucky day. I am a seer of seers and a prognosticator of prognosticators. I can predict the future, and do it with greater accuracy than anyone else. In fact, 95% of the time I’m right. For a mere $1000, I will give you the winning lottery ticket numbers for the next ten weeks. You‘ll be almost sure of winning once, and probably several times.† This sounds too good to be true, but you are intrigued. â€Å"Prove it,† you reply. â€Å"Show me that you really can predict the future, then I’ll consider your offer.† â€Å"Of course. I can‘t give you any winning lottery numbers for free though. But I will show you my powers as follows. In this sealed envelope is a sheet of paper numbered 1 through 100, with heads or tails written after each of them. When you go home, flip a coin 100 times and record the results in the order that you get them. Then open the envelope and compare the two lists. My list will accurately match at least 95 of your coin tosses.† You take the envelope with a skeptical look. â€Å"I will be here tomorrow at this same time if you decide to take me up on my offer.† As you walk back home, you assume that the stranger has thought up a creative way to con people out of their money. Nevertheless, when you get back home, you flip a coin and write down which tosses give you heads, and which ones are tails. Then you open the envelope and compare the two lists. If the lists only match in 49 places, you would conclude that the stranger is at best deluded and at worse conducting some sort of scam. After all, chance alone would result in being correct about one half of the time. If this is the case, you would probably change your walking route for a few weeks. On the other hand, what if the lists matched 96 times? The likelihood of this occurring by chance is extremely small. Due to the fact that predicting 96 of 100 coin tosses is exceptionally improbable, you conclude that your assumption about the stranger was incorrect and he can indeed predict the future. The Formal Procedure This example illustrates the idea behind hypothesis testing and is a good introduction to further study. The exact procedure requires specialized terminology and a step by step procedure, but the thinking is the same. The rare event rule provides the ammunition to reject one hypothesis and accept an alternate one.

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the Essay

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the music industry in 2014, but it is actually a vital component - Essay Example This developed a type of musical lyrics in which the musical notation emerged as just one of the many written sources that provided information. Such information enriched an individual with musical comprehension, its works and performances. Performance of classical music became entirely dependent on how well the performer construed the essence of the musical score and lyrics of that music. The advent of gramophone record and its impact on music has contributed towards the decline of literacy in classical music. This has diffused classical music that surpassed the conventional connection between the subject matter of music with its social context and performance venues (Dahl, 2009, p.66). This paper explores the classical music in contemporary music industry. Music can be inspirational for all although its preference may decline with age. As per one research, it was found that young people give more importance to music than adults and therefore they listen to music more often. Moreover young people prefer listening to different kinds of music in all occasions as opposed to adults who prefer specific kinds of music mostly in private context (Bonneville-Roussy et al., 2013, p.703). Music as an inspiration and relaxation has been proved by many researchers. Today, music is used everywhere from shopping malls to dental offices since it is both stress reliever and a positive force on psychology (Joyce, 2003, p.5). According to Kramer (2008, p.13), classical music is almost like a â€Å"living museum, living precisely because it is a kind of museum, and, like a museum, a place that exhibits new works as well as old†. The state of classical music in modern time is mostly shaky. For several years, classical music has experienced a steady decline in its popularity especially in America. There are many symptoms that prove this fact like a weakening CD market for classical music, lack of fund for symphony

Methods ProjectUsing data from the National Child Development Survey Essay

Methods ProjectUsing data from the National Child Development Survey (NCDS) explore the extent to which the British education system has a meritocratic outcome - Essay Example Social mobility has become an issue even in politics since each and every policy now deals with whether it will allow people to change or rise from the current situation (Marshall, G. & Swift, A. 1996). According to Saunders, P. (1997), mmobility in Britain compares to that in the US only that, that fro Britain is declining since the haves have benefited from education opportunities. According to Scott, J. (1999), class is a matter of social background within which one is brought up in. to him, class is reflected right in our attitudes and in our lifestyles as well as in our talking accents and in the way we dress. To him further, social stratification is a particular way of dividing people in a particular way on emphasis of the idea that, individuals are distributed in levels of social hierarchy due to their economic relations or their economic value. These are real social groupings are able to reproduce themselves over time and are forged together through economic relations and the associated social relations as well as social interactions i.e. groupings of people who have similar occupations, similar marriages, who are kins etc. To Saunders, P. (1997), the interrelations between social stratification and things like gender, ethnicity and age are very complex and all combined structure these social divisions; inequalities are gendered, are racialised and are aged. To him, social exclusion and discrimination which is based on gender and ethnicity generate inequalities in life chances in Britain and other countries. Swift, A. (2002) argues that, surveys of children who were born in the 1950s and the 1970s reveals low mobility due to increasing positive relationship between family income and educational attainment by the children.  According to him, additional education opportunities which allow them to stay in education at age 16 and age 18 benefits children from

EIP and Project Based Learning Essay Example for Free

EIP and Project Based Learning Essay The title of the study is to be dubbed as EIP and Project Based Learning: Studying student’s motivation and academic achievement. The research would be carried out in a manner which would facilitate the identification of what impact does standard project-based learning have on EIP (Early Intervention Program) and the student’s impetus and academic achievement? Statement of the Problem A fresh evaluation of student achievement conducted by the National Conference of State Legislatures divulged that the average performance of eighth-grade learners in the United States in the disciplines of mathematics, science, and reading literacy ranked below the performance standards of 14 countries (NCSL, 2009). To deal with such a problem, state administrative bodies have initiated the adoption and the implementation of accountability founded on certain stipulated standards. Nevertheless, the conventional classroom based learning practices persists to be prevalent in the United States education imparting arena despite the fact that several research findings have revealed that project-based learning is much more effectual in terms of achieving stipulated standards, better explains different subject areas, enhances learning methods, and improves test performances (Andres, 2006). The most important issue in this context is that project-based learning has to be put into practice in more De Kalb County education facilities in order to foster cognitive thinking and enhance the accountability of the students in their learning activities. This fact is substantiated by the Georgia Assessment of Performance on School Standards (GAPSS) evaluation findings and is consistent with the stated objectives of the De Kalb County School System. Relation of the Problem to the Specialization Comprehending the productivity of the project-based learning approach can facilitate bridging the gaps that presently exist between how students live and how they are taught (Andres, 2006). This technique of learning rises above the mere technicalities introduced by course books and worksheets and lays more emphasis on constructivist attitudes. Education in itself would stand to benefit from this research and at the same time educators would gain knowledge of how to successfully structure and sustain the learning content and activities whilst highlighting achievement of standards, comprehensible outcomes, and enhanced accountability (BIE). Background and Context for the Problem The approach that was adopted in the education imparting framework in the past decades is eventually becoming outdated and is not competent enough to suffice in the contemporary educational arena. Those old-fashioned past approaches were unsuccessful in developing and nurturing the skills and aptitudes required to answer intricate questions and to implement that knowledge in real world circumstances. By means of standards based projects, a dynamic issue that is genuine and fascinating will foster critical cognitive thinking, knowledge implementation, organizational noesis, and enhance the students’ conscientiousness relating to their own learning process (Andres, 2006). Research Question The most important questions that this research would be attempting to answer are the following: †¢ What impact does the project-based approach have on the students’ learning achievement? †¢ To what level are students inspired by project-based learning methodology? †¢ Were the evaluations of project-based learning consistent with Georgia Performance Standards? Georgia’s Performance Standards (GPS) are obligatory standards that must be met while imparting education to every public school student in the De Kalb County and the state of Georgia. Treating The Giver by Lois Lowry in the form a web-based thematic component, students would be able to implement the skills recognized by the Georgia state learning standards as essential for elementary school learners. Making use of the Student-Interview Questions from the GAPPS evaluation, the information would be gathered and scrutinized. In addition, previously-existing instructional policies and evaluation practices by means of observing students conduct, surveys based on students’ achievement-goal perceptions, and group discussions are approaches which, as indicated by Pintrich and Schunk, can be carried out sensibly to judge the students’ endeavor, determination and evasion behaviors (Pintrich Schunk, 2002). Importance or Significance of the Study A constant rise in the high school dropout rate and low performance grades have become a widespread phenomenon in the United States education arena. In light of such an issue project-based learning assumes immense significance as an effective methodology that is capable of delivering high performance standards, presenting interesting challenges, and providing a framework for reliable evaluation techniques (Nastu, 2009). If the supposition that, enhanced student performance is largely reliant upon their understanding and proficiency to efficiently shoulder their new responsibilities as global citizens is true, this research would prove to be a valuable asset for all stakeholders. Topics in the Literature Review The Project-based learning methodology presupposes that learning is a dynamic, integrated and productive activity. In such an interactive learning atmosphere, students work in the company of other classmates to work out compound and real-life problems that will facilitate the development of content knowledge in addition to helping them to become accustomed to the art of problem solving, logical thinking, communication, and self evaluation (CTL, 2001). Proponents of this approach hold that majority of the students consider project-based learning initiatives to be encouraging, which in the long run helps development of important skills (Helle et al. , 2007). Performance oriented evaluations will render high expectations, simulate real-world problems, and would necessitate a variety of skills and proficiencies to deal with such issues (BIE). Even though the potential such techniques exhibits are beyond measure, project-based learning faces some serious challenges. It entails a wide-ranging framework, skills, procedural planning, support, and resources that go beyond the precincts of a textbook (Andres, 2006). Methodology This research would employ a mixed research methods design that will make use of both quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. Quantitative data will be accumulated to evaluate the students’ reading accomplishments via a pre and post appraisal of a learning element. In addition, the qualitative technique would be used to appraise the efficiency of project-based learning techniques on the students’ enthusiasm to shoulder responsibility and the ingenuity in their coursework and other learning activities. Data Collection Data would be gathered across a timeline scaling six-weeks in course of a reading unit within the learning environment. The research team would shoulder the responsibilities of an observer and detailed studies would be carried out with respect to the usefulness of project-based educational approaches. In this examination students would be monitored, and pieces like journals, class work, project reports, and unit test performance sheet would be collected. Such a research-based scrupulous practice is in line with the features of a fully operational educational atmosphere (Georgia Department of Education, 2007). Data Analysis The information collected would be evaluated by means of triangulation. Graphically, the linkage between the students’ pre and post test results would be determined. A t-test would be carried out to contrast each unit’s intensity of enthusiasm and level of reading accomplishment. In order to examine the statistical implications, a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be employed to identify the differences that generally exist in the treatments processes. Identification of Necessary Approvals So as to carry out the pertinent research processes effectively, the De Kalb County School System in Decatur, Georgia and the school authority would need to sanction the proposal and approve the research initiative.

Rosa Parks :: Essays Papers

Rosa Parks Rosa Parks is famous for a lot of things. But, she is best known for her civil rights action. This happen in December 1,1955 Montgomery, Alabama bus system. She refused to give up her sit to a white passenger on the bus. She was arrested for violating a law that whites and blacks sit in separate sit in separate rows. She refused to give up her sit when a white man wished to sit there. The front was for whites only. The law says that blacks have to leave there sits in the next when all seats in the front were taken and whites still wanted seats. Before Rosa Parks was arrest, Montgomery’s black leaders had been discussing about the city bus. Parks allowed the leaders to use her arrest to speak a boycott of the bus system. Martin Luther king ,Jr. then was a Baptist minister in Montgomery, then was chosen as president. For 382 days, from 12/5/1955 to 12/20/1956 thousands of blacks refused to ride the buses. The boycott ended when the U.S. Supreme Court declared segregated seating on the city’s buses unconstitutional. The success encouraged other mass protests demanding civil rights for blacks. Rosa Parks held a variety of jobs and, in 1943. She became one of the first woman to join the Advancement of Colored People(NNCP). She severed as the organizations secretary from 1943 to 1956. Parks lost her job as a seamstress as a result of the Montgomery boycott. She and her family moved to Detroit in 1957. Where she worked for many years for Congressman John Conyers. She founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development to offer guidance to young African Americans in preparation for leader ship and careers. 1979, she won a Medal for her work in civil rights. She wrote an autobiography. Today, most of the people know her as a civil right action leader but, there is more then that one thing that she accomplished. Also, there is a Boulevard name after her in Detroit, it says "ROSA PARKS BLVD.

Banks Fraud in Nigeria Essay

Perhaps, no where are frauds more serious and more pronounced than in the banking sector of the economy. They are one of the biggest single causes of bank failure and distress in the Nigerian banking system. This study therefore sets out to find the common types of bank fraud that are frequently carried out in the banking system, the underlying causes, level of staff involvement, consequences and possible means of ameliorating the problem. A sample of 100 respondents taken in Benin City, capital of Edo State, Nigeria was studied by means of field survey tool of questionnaire and the response to rating scale questions were tested for significance using the â€Å"t-test†. The analysis revealed that respondents did not view unofficial borrowing and foreign exchange malpractice as forms of bank fraud since they were common and an industry wide practice. It also revealed that there was an equal level of staff involvement in initiating and executing fraud, with the concealment of fraud coming last in their agenda. Also, among the factors hypothesized to encourage bank fraud; the major individual based factors were greed, infidelity and poverty, while organizational factors were inadequate staffing, poor internal controls, inadequate training and poor working conditions. Respondents also viewed greed, lack of personal ethics and weak corporate governance as managerial factors that help propagate frauds in banks. The unique contribution of this paper is its emphasis on building upon the methodology and findings of some previous studies in the area of bank fraud (in Nigeria), by conducting statistical test of significance which adds statistical validity and flavour to our findings.

An Analysis of A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Essay

A People’s History of the United States is a 1980 non-fiction book by American historian and political scientist Howard Zinn. In the book, Zinn seeks to present American history through the eyes of the common people rather than political and economic elites. A People’s History has been assigned as reading in many high schools and colleges across the United States.[1] It has also resulted in a change in the focus of historical work, which now includes stories that previously were ignored.[2] The book was a runner-up in 1980 for the National Book Award. It has been frequently revised, with the most recent edition covering events through 2005. In 2003, Zinn was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde Diplomatique for the French version of this book, Une histoire populaire des États-Unis.[3]More than two million copies have been sold. Reviews have been mixed. Some have called it a brilliant tool for advancing the cause of social equality. Others have called the book a revisionist patchwork containing errors. In a 1998 interview, Zinn said he had set â€Å"quiet revolution† as his goal for writing A People’s History. â€Å"Not a revolution in the classical sense of a seizure of power, but rather from people beginning to take power from within the institutions. In the workplace, the workers would take power to control the conditions of their lives.†[4] In 2004, Zinn edited a primary source companion volume with Anthony Arnove, entitled, Voices of a People’s History of the United States. Columbus to the Robber Barons â€Å"Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress† covers early Native American civilization in North America and the Bahamas, the genocide and enslavement committed by the crew of Christopher Columbus, and incidents of violent colonization by early settlers. Topics include the Arawaks, Bartolomà © de las Casas, the Aztecs, Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s,Pizarro, Powhatan, the Pequot, the Narragansett, Metacom, King Philip’s War, and the Iroquois. Chapter 2, â€Å"Drawing the Color Line† addresses the early enslavement of Africans and servitude of poor British people in the Thirteen Colonies. Zinn writes of the methods by which he says racism was artificially created in order to enforce the economic system. He argues that racism is not natural because there are recorded instances of camaraderie and cooperation between black slaves and white servants in escaping from and in opposing their subjugation.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Persons of Mean and Vile Condition† describes Baconâ€℠¢s Rebellion, the economic conditions of the poor in the colonies, and opposition to their poverty.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tyranny is Tyranny† covers the movement for â€Å"leveling† (economic equality) in the colonies and the causes of the American Revolution. Zinn argues that the Founding Fathers agitated for war to distract the people from their own economic problems and stop popular movements, a strategy that he claims the country’s leaders would continue to use in the future.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Kind of Revolution† covers the war and resistance to participating in war, the effects on the Native American people, and the continued inequalities in the new United States. When the land of veterans of the Revolutionary War was seized for non-payment of taxes, it led to instances of resistance to the government, as in the case of Shays’ Rebellion. Zinn wrote that â€Å"governments – including the government of the United States – are not neutral†¦ they represent the dominant economic interests, and†¦ their constitutions are intended to serve the se interests.† â€Å"The Intimately Oppressed† describes resistance to inequalities in the lives of women in the early years of the U.S. Zinn tells the stories of women who resisted the status quo, including Polly Baker, Anne Hutchinson, Mary Dyer, Amelia Bloomer, Catharine Beecher, Emma Willard, Harriot Hunt, Elizabeth Blackwell, Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, Dorothea Dix, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, and Sojourner Truth. If you look through high school textbooks and elementary school textbooks in American history, you will find Andrew Jackson the frontiersman, soldier, democrat, man of the people — not Jackson the slaveholder, land speculator, executioner of dissident soldiers, exterminator of Indians. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States â€Å"As Long As Grass Grows or Water Runs† discusses 19th century conflicts between the U.S. government and Native Americans (such as the Seminole Wars) and Indian removal, especially during the administrations of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. Chapter 8, â€Å"We Take Nothing By Conquest, Thank God† describes the Mexican-American War. Zinn writes that President James Polk agitated for war for the purpose of imperialism. Zinn argues that the war was unpopular, but that newspapers of that era  misrepresented the popular sentiment.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Slavery Without Submission, Emancipation Without Freedom† addresses slave rebellions, theabolition movement, the Civil War, and the effect of these events on African-Americans. Zinn writes that the large-scale violence of the war was used to end slavery instead of the small-scale violence of the rebellions because the latter may have expanded beyond anti-slavery, resulting in a movement against the capitalist system. He writes that the war could limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by allowing the government control over how that freedom was gained.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Other Civil War†, covers the Anti-Rent movement, the Dorr Rebellion, the Flour Riot of 1837, the Molly Maguires, the rise of labor unions, the Lowell girlsmovement, and other class struggles centered around the various depressions of the 19th century. He describes the abuse of government power by corporations and the efforts by workers to resist those abuses. Here is an excerpt on the subject of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877:[10][11] Chapter 11, â€Å"Robber Barons and Rebels† covers the rise of industrial corporations such as the railroads and banks and their transformation into the nation’s dominant institutions, with corruption resulting in both industry and government. Also covered are the popular movements and individuals that opposed corruption, such as the Knights of Labor, Edward Bellamy, the So cialist Labor Party, the Haymarket martyrs, the Homestead strikers, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Eugene V. Debs, the American Railway Union, theFarmers’ Alliance, and the Populist Party. The Twentieth Century â€Å"The Empire and the People†, covers American imperialism during the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War, as well as in other lands such asHawaii, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The Teller Amendment. Zinn portrays the wars as being racist and imperialist and opposed by large segments of the American people. Chapter 13, â€Å"The Socialist Challenge†, covers the rise of socialism and anarchism as popular political ideologies in the United States. Covered in the chapter are the American Federation of Labor (which Zinn argues provided too exclusive of a union for non-white, female, and unskilled workers; Zinn argues in Chapter 24 that this changes in the 1990s),Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Mary Harris â€Å"Mother†Ã‚  Jones, Joe Hill, the Socialist Labor Party, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the Progressive Party (which Zinn portrays as driven by fear of radicalism). â€Å"War is the Health of the State† covers World War I and the anti-war movement that happened during it, which was met with the heavily enforced Espionage Act of 1917. Zinn argues that the United States entered the war in order to expand its foreign markets and economic influence. â€Å"Self-Help in Hard Times† covers the government’s campaign to destroy the IWW, and the factors leading to the Great Depression. Zinn states that, despite popular belief, the 1920s were not a time of prosperity, and the problems of the Depression were simply the chronic problems of the poor extended to the rest of the society. Also covered is the Communist Party’s attempts to help the poor during the Depression. â€Å"A People’s War?†, covers World War II, opposition to it, and the effects of the war on the people. Zinn, a veteran of the war himself, notes that â€Å"it was the most popular war the US ever fought,† but states that this support may have been manufactured through the institutions of American society. He cites various instances of opposition to fighting (in some cases greater than those during World War I) as proof. Zinn also argues against the US’ true intention was not fighting against systematic racism such as theJim Crow laws (leading to opposition to the war from African-Americans). Another argument made by Zinn is that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not necessary, as the U.S. government had already known that the Japanese were considering surrender beforehand. Other subjects from WWII covered include Japanese American internment and the bombing of Dresden. The chapter continues into the Cold War. Here, Zinn writes that the U.S. government used the Cold War to increase control over the American people (for instance, eliminating such radical elements as the Communist Party) and at the same time create a state of permanent war, which allowed for the creation of the modern military-industrial complex. Zinn believes this was possible because both conservatives and liberals willingly worked together in the name of anti-Communism. Also covered is the US’ involvement in the Greek Civil War, the Korean War, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and the Marshall Plan. Chapter 17, â€Å"‘Or Does It Explode?'† (named after a line from Langston Hughes’s poem â€Å"Harlem† from â€Å"Montage of a Dream Deferred†, referred to as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lenox Avenue Mural† by Zinn), covers the Civil Rights movement. Zinn argues that the government began making reforms against discrimination (although without making fundamental changes) for the sake of changing its international image, but often did not enforce the laws that it passed. Zinn also argues that while nonviolent tactics may have been required for Southern civil rights activists, militant actions (such as those proposed by Malcolm X) were needed to solve the problems of black ghettos. Also covered is the invol vement of the Communist Party in the movement, the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Freedom Riders, COINTELPRO, and the Black Panther Party. â€Å"The Impossible Victory: Vietnam†, covers the Vietnam War and resistance to it. Zinn argues that America was fighting a war that it could not win, as the Vietnamese people were in favor of the government of Ho Chi Minh and opposed the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, thus allowing them to keep morale high. Meanwhile, the American military’s morale for the war was very low, as many soldiers were put off by the atrocities that they were made to take part in, such as the My Lai massacre. Zinn also tries to dispel the popular belief that opposition to the war was mainly amongst college students and middle-class intellectuals, using statistics from the era to show higher opposition from the working class. Zinn argues that the troops themselves also opposed the war, citing desertions and refusals to go to war, as well as movements such as Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Also covered is the US invasions of Laos and Cambodia, Agent Orange, the Pentagon Papers, Ron Kovic, and raids on draft boards. Chapter 19, â€Å"Surprises†, covers other movements that happened during the 1960s, such as second-wave feminism, the prison reform/prison abolition movement, the Native American rights movement, and the counterculture. People and events from the feminist movement covered include Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, Patricia Robinson, the National Domestic Workers Union, National Organization for Women, Roe v. Wade, Susan Brownmiller’s Against Our Will, and Our Bodies, Ourselves. People and events from the prison movement covered include George Jackson, the Attica Prison riots, and Jerry Sousa. People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the National Indian Youth Council, Sid Mills, Akwesasne Notes, Indians of All Tribes, the First  Convocati on of American Indian Scholars, Frank James, the American Indian Movement, and the Wounded Knee incident. People and events from the counterculture covered include Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan,Joan Baez, Malvina Reynolds, Jessica Mitford’s The American Way of Death, Jonathan Kozol, George Dennison, and Ivan Illich. Chapter 20, â€Å"The Seventies: Under Control?†, covers American disillusion with the government during the 1970s and political corruption that was exposed during the decade. Zinn argues that the resignation of Richard Nixon and the exposure of crimes committed by the CIA and FBI during the decade were done by the government in order to regain support for the government from the American people without making fundamental changes to the system; according to Zinn, Gerald Ford’s presidency continued the same basic policies of the Nixon administration. Other topics covered include protests against the Honeywell Corporation, Angela Davis, Committee to Re-elect the President, the Watergate scandal,International Telephone and Telegraph’s involvement in the 1973 Chilean coup d’à ©tat, the Mayagà ¼ez incident, Project MKULTRA, the Church Committee, the Pike Committee, theTrilateral Commission’s The Governability of Democracies, and the People’s Bi-Centennial. â€Å"Carter-Reagan-Bush: The Bipartisan Consensus†, covers the Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush administrations and their effects on both the American people and foreign countries. Zinn argues that the Democratic and Republican parties keep the government essentially the same (that is, they handled the government in a way that was favorable for corporations rather than for the people) and continued to have a militant foreign policy no matter which party was in power. Zinn uses similarities between the three administrations’ methods as proof of this. Other topics covered include the Fairness Doctrine, the Indonesian invasion of East Timor, Noam Chomsky, global warming, Roy Benavidez, the Trident submarine, the Star Wars program, the Sandinista National Liberation Front, the Iran-Contra Affair, the War Powers Act, U.S. invasion of Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War, the Invasion of Grenada, Óscar Romero, the El Mozote massacre, the 1986 Bombing o f Libya, the collapse of the Soviet Union, theUnited States invasion of Panama, and the Gulf War. â€Å"The Unreported Resistance†, covers several movements that happened during the Carter-Reagan-Bush years that were ignored by much of the mainstream media. Topics covered include the anti-nuclear movement, the Plowshares Movement, the Council for a Nuclear Weapons Freeze, the Physicians for Social Responsibility, George Kistiakowsky, The Fate of the Earth, Marian Wright Edelman, the Citizens’ Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes, the Three Mile Island accident, the Winooski 44, Abbie Hoffman,Amy Carter, the Piedmont Peace Project, Anne Braden, Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez, the United Farm Workers, the Farm Labor Organizing Committee, Teatro Campesino, LGBT social movements, the Stonewall riots, Food Not Bombs, the anti-war movement during the Gulf War, David Barsamian, opposition to Columbus Day, Indigenous Thought, Rethinking Schools, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. â€Å"The Coming Revolt of the Guards†, covers Zinn’s theory on a possible future radical movement against the inequality in America. Zinn argues that there will eventually be a movement made up not only of previous groups that were involved in radical change (such as labor organizers, black radicals, Native Americans, feminists), but also members of the middle class who are starting to become discontented with the state of the nation. Zinn expects this movement to use â€Å"demonstrations, marches, civil disobedience; strikes and boycotts and general strikes; direct action to redistribute wealth, to reconstruct institutions, to revamp relationships.†[13] Chapter 24, â€Å"The Clinton Presidency†, covers the effects of the Bill Clinton administration on the U.S. and the world. Zinn argues that, despite Clinton’s claims that he would bring changes to the country, his presidency kept many things the same as in Reagan-Bush era. Topics covered include Jocelyn Elders, the Waco Siege, the Oklahoma City bombing, the Crime Bill of 1996, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, the 1993 bombing of Iraq, Operation Gothic Serpent, the Rwandan Genocide, the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the 1998 bombing of Afghanistan and Sudan, the Impeachment of Bill Clinton, Barbara Ehrenreich’s Nickel and Dimed, Stand for Children, Jesse Jackson, the Million Man March, Mumia Abu-Jamal, John Sweeney, the Service Employees International Union, the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, the Worker Rights Consortium, the Poor People’s Economic Human Rights Campaign, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights,  the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Spare Change News, theNorth American Street Newspaper Association, the National Coalition for the Homeless, anti-globalization, and WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The 2000 Election and the ‘War On Terrorism'†, covers the 2000 presidential election and the War on Terrorism. Zinn argues that attacks on the U.S. by Arabterrorists (such as the September 11, 2001 attacks) are not caused by a hatred for our freedom (as claimed by President George W. Bush), but by grievances with U.S. foreign policies such as â€Å"stationing of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia†¦ sanctions against Iraq which†¦ had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children; the continued U.S. support of Israel’s occupation of Palestinian land.† Other topics covered include Ralph Nader, the War in Afghanistan, (though notably absent is any mention of the Talibangovernment in control in Afghanistan at the time, the war being launched, according to Zinn, based merely on the belief that bin Laden was hiding in the country) and the USA PATRIOT Act

Argumentative Essay on Management

Argumentative Essay on Management Argumentative Essay on Management Example Argumentative Essay on Management: In the attempt to better the organizational performance, managers have opted to diversify their scope of managerial systems. Some of the main information systems currently used include the natural system, the open system and the rational systems. The rational system concentrates on the consequences and conditions of the organization’s production and general utilization of information. This managerial approach helps develop a detailed comprehension understanding of the manner in which information regarding accounting reflects and shapes organizational reality through the different methods of its application. The rational system is particularly different from the natural system because it attempts to include the introduction of a given information system both the events before and after capturing the dynamism of the characteristics. Researches done on information systems as used in organizations conclude that rational systems are static. They make an assumption that the all patterns of information applications are a response to the technical or environmental forces operating at that time. A dynamic approach incorporates the evolution of information systems as time goes by. Unlike the open system, the rational systems incorporate both past and present forces which could influence the implementation of a system. The natural approach of managing organization basically takes on board several theories in management. Unlike the other two, this type of approach towards management ensures that the employee values are the key drive in decision making. This concept of management is unique in a number of ways. One of them being that it does not equity human being to machines hence the need for the manager to develop policies that are more accommodative. It also establishes an optimum in the scope of control hence increasing employee motivation. Pay is not the only motivator of the employee hence the diversification of the remuneration package. Natural systems in management are one of the most commonly used forms of managerial and skilled employment approaches under the representative modes. Under this criterion the management’s function is conceptualized from a number of other system theories as the organizations strive to attain global recognition of its uniqueness in service delivery. Therefore, management is basically dependent on modeling the organization’s general identity. A natural system illustrates a parametrized managerial system that is structurally identifiable in case its production which corresponds to two variant parameter values is different from all inputs of a respective natural and dense subset of the overall composition of all admissible organizational inputs. In my opinion the most beneficial information systems are the natural systems. According to Flamholtz (1996), a natural system plays an extensive role in the saving of operational costs. The clarity and simplicity associated to its implementation and comprehension is a clear indicator of the efficiency of the managerial model. For instance, the employees are well motivated, self driven and work independently hence considerably reducing costs that could otherwise be used for supervisions. Similarly, through employee empowerment, the quality of service delivery by the organization is set to increase. In the long run, observing quality in service delivery in a great contribution to the organization’s reputation. Moreover, the manager benefits in popularizing the organization in terms of quality in performance. One of the most out right benefits is that of enabling the management to perform distinct information process processes necessary for the organization’s operations. These activities include evaluation, monitoring, control and prediction. At this point, the manager should appreciate that not all modeling systems are compatible to every other organization and hence the need to tailor such systems to adequately suit the subject organization. By extension the main determinant of the success of the manager is the ability to adapt, grow and survive in every aspect of managerial consideration. The management function is a direct product of the sound interaction of the organization’s environment and the management system in place (Endres Endres Chowdhury Alam, 2007). The manager benefits from this as the criteria as it offers a ground for effective communications with the employees. Of course there are diverse literature with regard to the managerial science and its respecti ve disciplines. They have different interpretations and definitions on the impacts of managerial systems depending on the organizational operations of different organizations. It will also direct its attention of the considerations of several sources of literature that concern the management function in a given organization. Another benefit of using the natural systems in management is that they help in modelling the organizational environment while at the same time responding to the key influence to the organisations (Gans, 1993). With respect to the human social organization, the natural managerial systems also address the issues of the consequential complexities. Here, the models are responsible for making the simplification of the managerial systems to ably adapt to the surrounding environments. Complexity in this dimension could mean the simplest composition of information that is necessary to comprehensively summarize an organizational process or status. For the concept of identifying structural complexity, this paper will sufficiently identify the benefits that a manager could achieve with the application of natural systems in the organization. In addition, it is clear that the more the system is integral, the higher the performance potential of the system adapting to the environmental determinant s of the organization (Foster Royce Doherty Meehan, 2009). Similarly, natural systems help in shaping the adaptive responses or the entire organization. This way, the manager is set to benefit from the structuring of the organizational behavior across all departments and transactions of the organization (Biilsberry, 1996). The definition of the organizational code of conduct and operation has a great role in the minimization of work place conflicts brought about by lack of clarity in organizational roles. Conflicts are generally a backward pull to the advancement of any organization because of the pollution of the work place environment it also leads to the devaluation of employee motivation. Natural systems of management greatly benefit the organization by increasing the performance of social and economic activities (Winston, 1988). This is achieved through clarity in definition of cultural evolution with reference to the potential capability of the managerial systems in place. The co-occurrence of formal and informal social networks that are inherent in organizations is another consideration. In any organization, sharing of tacit-to-tacit knowledge may be seen in some employee groups but not provocative in others. Therefore, some strong and informal social networks effectively facilitate the transfer of knowledge may embed in other formal structures and it is important to apply random methods of sampling to control organizational variables. Natural systems also tend to provide for a participatory approach towards decision making. There is a notable sense of self drive and self drive amongst the employees since they feel that they own the operational policies. In addition, the forums provided for by these systems go a long way in establishing all potential determinants that could influence the overall managerial system that is in place for any given organization (Kreitner, 2005). This way, the entire organization is involved in the process of decision making. This not only boost the motivation of the employees but also increases their productivity levels due to the fact that they feel they are part of the policy making panel in the organization. Participatory agent-based modeling, institution-based models, preference-based or rules of thumb decision models (experience), heuristic empirical rules, and calibration-based rules and evolutionary programming assumptions are example of natural systems decision making models tha t are empirical in nature and whose substantial efforts could be invested by a manager in organizational mechanisms and structuring of models of decision-making that are process-based to improve the performance of management function. Another benefit that can be tapped from the use of the natural systems is the generalization of individual information and knowledge through sharing of practices to the benefit of organization, and furthermore, to increase organization’s profitability. In addition, it is beneficial for the manager to possess the assumption that a knowledge management recommendation on information sharing is potentially positive and necessary (Karl Steven Drozdeck, 1991). Therefore, it is necessary for the manager to delineate between the constituent types of employees needed to employ efficient knowledge sharing strategies for maximum organization gain. In conclusion, this paper has examined all crucial influences that affect the operations of management in public sector organizations. Recently, most accounting systems have continually developed into being viewed as a technique of improving the overall efficiency and productivity of such sector organizations. Most critical-like management dynamics are composed of a curious mix that could be content or discontent, and it is for the same reason that they are constantly linked to the edge of organizational chaos (Ansari Eske, 1987). More precisely, this is a new role carried out by accounting systems in the organizations. Traditionally, accounting for information systems in the organizations was handled primarily for the purposes of fiduciary control. Whether those managerial systems could serve as an enhancement of efficiency in the organizations or not was not adequately addressed. Before management can be intensely and closely involved in the core functioning of the organizations, it is necessary to distinguish the specific results posed by the introduction of the natural managerial approach to the efficiency, cost and several other basic activities within the organizations based on the past. can write an argumentative essay on any Management topic. Our professional essay writers will help with writing your argumentative paper starting at $12/page.

Major General Samuel Crawford in the American Civil War

Major General Samuel Crawford in the American Civil War Samuel Crawford - Early Life Career: Samuel Wylie Crawford was born November 8, 1827, at his familys home, Allandale, in Franklin County, PA.   Receiving his early education locally, he entered the University of Pennsylvania at age fourteen.   Graduating in 1846, Crawford desired to remain at the institution for medical school but was deemed too young.   Embarking on a masters degree, he wrote his thesis on anatomy before later being permitted to commence his medical studies.   Receiving his medical degree on March 28, 1850, Crawford elected to enter the US Army as a surgeon the following year.   Applying for an assistant surgeon position, he achieved a record score on the entrance exam.   Over the next decade, Crawford moved through a variety of posts on the frontier and commenced a study of the natural sciences.   Pursuing this interest, he submitted papers to the Smithsonian Institution as well as engaged with geographical societies in other countries.   Ordered to Charleston, SC in September 1860, Crawford served as a surgeon for Forts Moultrie and Sumter.   In this role, he endured the bombardment of Fort Sumter which signaled the beginning of the Civil War in April 1861.   Though the forts medical officer, Crawford oversaw a battery of guns during the fighting.   Evacuated to New York, he sought a career change the following month and received a majors commission in the 13th US Infantry. Samuel Crawford - Early Civil War:   In this role through the summer, Crawford became assistant inspector general for the Department of Ohio in September.   The following spring, he received a promotion to brigadier general on April 25 and command of a brigade in the Shenandoah Valley.   Serving in Major General Nathaniel Banks II Corps of the Army of Virginia, Crawford first saw combat at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9.   In the course of the fighting, his brigade mounted a devastating attack that shattered the Confederate left.   Though successful, a failure by Banks to exploit the situation forced Crawford to withdraw after taking heavy losses.   Returning to action in September, he led his men onto the field at the Battle of Antietam.   Engaged at the northern part of the battlefield, Crawford ascended to division command due to casualties in XII Corps.   This tenure proved brief as he was wounded in the right thigh.   Collapsing from loss of blood, Crawford was taken from the field.    à ‚      Samuel Crawford - Pennsylvania Reserves: Returning to Pennsylvania, Crawford recovered at his fathers house near Chambersburg.   Plagued by setbacks, the wound took nearly eight months to heal properly.   In May 1863, Crawford resumed active duty and took command of the Pennsylvania Reserve Division in the Washington, DC defenses.   This post had previously been held by Major Generals John F. Reynolds and George G. Meade.   A month later, the division was added to Major General George Sykes V Corps in Meades Army of the Potomac.   Marching north with two brigades, Crawfords men joined in the pursuit of General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia.   Upon reaching the Pennsylvania border, Crawford halted the division and gave a rousing speech imploring his men to defend their home state. Arriving at the Battle of Gettysburg around noon on July 2, the Pennsylvania Reserves paused for brief respite near Powers Hill.   Around 4:00 PM, Crawford received orders to take his men south to aid in blocking an attack by Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps.   Moving out, Sykes removed one brigade and sent it to support the line on Little Round Top.   Reaching a point just north of that hill with his remaining brigade, Crawford paused as Union troops driven from the Wheatfield retreated through his lines.   With support from Colonel David J. Nevins VI Corps brigade, Crawford led a charge across Plum Run and drove back the approaching Confederates.   In the course of the attack, he seized the divisions colors and personally led his men forward.   Successful in halting the Confederate advance, the divisions efforts forced the enemy back across the Wheatfield for the night. Samuel Crawford - Overland Campaign: In the weeks after the battle, Crawford was compelled to take leave due to issues relating to his Antietam wound and malaria which he had contracted during his time in Charleston.   Resuming command of his division in November, he led it during the abortive Mine Run Campaign.   Surviving the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac the following spring, Crawford retained command of his division which served in Major General Gouverneur K. Warrens V Corps.   In this role, he took part in Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign that May which saw his men engaged at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Totopotomoy Creek.   With the expiration of the bulk of his mens enlistments, Crawford was shifted to lead a different division in V Corps on June 2. A week later, Crawford took part in the beginning of the Siege of Petersburg and in August saw action at Globe Tavern where he was wounded in the chest.   Recovering, he continuing to operate around Petersburg through the fall and received a brevet promotion to major general in December.   On April 1, Crawfords division moved with V Corps and a force of Union cavalry to attack Confederate forces at Five Forks under the overall command of Major General Philip Sheridan.   Due to faulty intelligence, it initially missed the Confederate lines, but later played a role in the Union victory.   Ã‚   Samuel Crawford - Later Career: With the collapse of the Confederate position at Petersburg the next day, Crawfords men took part in resulting Appomattox Campaign which saw Union forces pursue Lees army west.   On April 9, V Corps aided in hemming in the enemy at Appomattox Court House which led to Lee surrendering his army.   With the end of the war, Crawford traveled to Charleston where he took part in ceremonies that saw the American flag re-hoisted above Fort Sumter.   Remaining in the army for another eight years, he retired on February 19, 1873 with the rank of brigadier general.   In the years after the war, Crawford earned the ire of several other Civil War leaders by repeatedly attempting to claim that his efforts at Gettysburg saved Little Round Top and were key to the Union victory. Traveling extensively in his retirement, Crawford also worked to preserve land at Gettysburg.   These efforts saw him purchase the land along Plum Run over which his division charged.   In 1887, he published  The Genesis of the Civil War: The Story of Sumter, 1860-1861 which detailed the events leading up to the battle and was the result of twelve years of research.   Crawford died on November 3, 1892 at Philadelphia and was buried in the citys Laurel Hill Cemetery.   Ã‚   Selected Sources Gettysburg: Major General Samuel CrawfordStone Sentinels: Major General Samuel CrawfordFind a Grave: Major General Samuel Crawford