Water Pollution Causes And Effects - 2288 Words

Water Pollution Water pollution occurs when there is an accumulation of substances in water that would then cause issues for humans and animals. The main aspect that determines the pollution is the amount of pollutants that are present and how large the body of water is. In other words, the quantity of pollutants in relation to the size of the body of water. The earth has two types of water resources: surface and ground water. The surface water is stored in lakes, oceans, and rivers while the ground water is stored in aquifers. Water pollution can occur directly from a point source such as a factory releasing its waste into a water body, a non-point source such as water runoff of pesticides from a farm finding its way into a water body or†¦show more content†¦In Kewaunee County, a county in northeast Wisconsin, the problem of water pollution is a constant problem, with the number of cows present in the county being blamed for the problem. About 50 percent of the town’s private wells currently have water that exceeds bacteria or nitrate safety standards. Impact on Human Quality of Life Animal agriculture manure and farming fertilizers bring nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to the proverbial water pollution â€Å"table.† (Wilson, 2014). This causes an effect on animals and humans. Manure is one of the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the pollution of surface and ground water. This results in high nutrient levels which result in algae blooms. In addition, water with high levels of nitrates have a bad taste and can result in a fatal condition of methemoglobinemia also call â€Å"blue baby syndrome†. Humans are susceptible to many diseases from animal manure such as, E. coli O157, listeriosis, salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis and mad cow disease. Furthermore, lead which can be found in manure can cause malfunctions in the nervous system and the kidneys. The examples below show the effects of water pollution on human quality of life: In May 2000, around half of Walkerton’s 5,000 residents fell severely ill and seven people died when cow manure washed into a well. The extent of the water pollution in the small Canadian town was concealed from the public, people drank from their taps and the resultShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Water Pollution1292 Words   |  5 Pagesof our Earth surface is covered by water and almost 60% of the human body contain water for nutrient transportation. The unique characteristic of water is water molecule is the only substance in this Earth that exist in all three physical states of matter which are solid, liquid and gas. All human beings need water to survive. The national development over the years cause the rate of water pollution increased. According to Gebre Rooijen (2009) water pollution can be considered as a sign that derivesRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects1147 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Water Pollution613 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many causes for water pollution. The main one is plastics. The reason for that is that plastics take four hundred and fifty years to decompose in the water. Also many companies use plastic and people throw it in the waterways. Because water can float and be carried by the wind, it can cause harm to unsuspecting creatures hundreds of feet from where it was originally dumped. Such waste includes bags, bottles, cups, straws, cup lids, utensils, six pack holders, cling wrap, fishing lineRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On The Environment And Ecosystem968 Words   |  4 PagesPollution The air we breathe, the water we drink, the ground where we grow our food, is polluted with harmful things. Pollution is the introduction of harmful or poisonous effects of a substance into the environment. It disrupts the balance of people’s lifestyle when they are contaminate. Pollution balance in the environment and ecosystem. The environment is in the process of becoming unsafe or unsuitable to use. Pollution can come in many different form, such as air, water, soil can have pollutantRead MorePoison Water Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesPoison Water The consequence of polluting the earth is constantly ignored by human beings. Pollution is dangerous and harmful to both living things and the environment. Chemical waste, fertilizer and numerous additional are one of the most important affect which is leading us to damaging possessions of water pollution, Pollution should be condensed in order to make available a cleaner environment and generate healthy living environment and habitat for all life forms on earth. Water pollution alsoRead MoreThe Issue of Marine Life Pollution1538 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Essay: Marine Life Pollution Introduction: Pollution can be defined in different prospective including economics. The economics definition of pollution denotes pollutions as loss of environ quality. Furthermore it defines the cost of pollution as the cost of environmental loss (Goodstein, 2011). However the literary meanings of pollution are defined as the contamination of environment that can cause harmful effects on the inhabitants. These effects are particular with the environment and a numberRead MoreThesis Statement1030 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement Water pollution has had devastating effects on the environment, which include irreversible effects to the oceans ecosystem, health problems and abnormal conditions. interference of the oceans ecosystem - Plastic storage bags can kill animals in the oceans like dolphins, turtles and whales. It is easy for wildlife to swallow and eventually causes death. * Over 1.5 billion tons of plastic water bottles end up in US landfills each year. It takes over 300 years to degradeRead MoreThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health.Docx Uploaded Successfully1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health Abstract Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detrimentRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesmany kinds of pollution, but one that has the most impact on humans would be air pollution. In order to live, we must breathe air and surprisingly some things that we breathe takes a toll on our health. Air pollution occurs when pollutants are released into the atmosphere. It has both chronic and acute effects on human health which effects a number of different systems and organsFossil fuel combustion such as diesel fuel, coal, gasoline and natural gas is the main source of air pollution. Most of this

Titanic Free Essays

One of the best known films of all time, in my opinion, is â€Å"Titanicâ€Å". Directed by James Cameron in 1997, this film captured both my attention and my heart with the plot of a tragic event hand in hand with a love story with everything but a happy ending. He managed to combine TragedyThe real story behind this film is that of the ship of dreams also believed to be the unsinkable ship and its tragic journey to the ocean floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic or any similar topic only for you Order Now The love story that caught all of our hearts is that of Jack Dawson and Rose. They’ve been brought together by this majesty boat from opposite ends of the spectrum in an era where status is everything. Timing was also against them with the pressure of Rose’s engagement to Cal Hockley. Rose’s snobby mother Ruth Dewitt was also a major obstacle to their relationship from the beginning and insists on the marriage of Rose and Cal Hockley because of his inheritance. The story is narrated by aged Rose to a group of explorers who wanted to know more details about the wreck of the Titanic. The movie begins with the exploration of the sunken Titanic by treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team. They are searching for a necklace called the â€Å"Heart of the Oceanâ€Å". They believe the necklace is in Cal’s safe, which they recover. Instead of finding the priceless diamond, they find a drawing of a nude woman wearing the necklace, dated the same night the Titanic hit the iceberg, April 14, 1912. Rose Dawson sees the painting on TV and immediately contacts the explorers and tells them she is the woman in the drawing. Brock Lovett, being very interested in her story, brings Rose and her granddaughter Lizzy to the ship. When asked if she knows the whereabouts of the necklace, Rose recalls her memories in a flashback and brought us aboard the Titanic. The story begins with Jack and his best friend, Fabrizio, betting everything they have on a game of poker for life changing tickets to board the Titanic, minutes before its departure. They win the tickets and head for America on what was believed to be at the time, mans greatest creation, the Titanic. Rose and Jack were part of opposite social classes on the ship. Rose being the part of the wealthy stayed in first class quarters while Jack being part of the third class passengers belonged in the bowels of the ship. It wasn’t until one night that Rose was just fed up by the distress by the engagement and the pressure from her mother, that she come out to the dock and considers suicide. Seconds aways from reaching the point of no return and jumping, Jack comes from behind and talks her out of jumping. From that night on Jack and Rose develop a relationship of friendship with undeniable potential to be soul mates. Jack soon discovers the not so pleasant people of â€Å"high society,† and sees clearly why Rose is so desperate to break away from that world. Jack was looked down upon by Cal, Ruth, and most of Rose’s acquaintances. It was long before Cal and Ruth forbid that Rose see Jack. Weighing out her options, Rose decides to defy her mothers orders and meet with Jack. She soon realizes that Jack’s world and Jack himself is an escape from her marriage to Cal. This leads to one of the best scenes, where Rose takes Jack back to her room and asks him to draw a portrait of her wearing nothing but the heart of the ocean necklace, an engagement present from Cal. The same portrait that was found years later in Cal’s safe in place of the necklace itself. Afterwards, the two find their way to the ship’s cargo hold, where, for the first time, they make love. Perhaps one of the most steaming, lust filled scenes in movie history. After that scene Jack and Rose go up to the deck and experience what is going to change everyone’s life on that ship. The ship collides with an iceberg that the ships crew weren’t in time to prevent. They also overhear the crew speaking of the seriousness, so they get a heads up. They then rush to inform Cal and her mother. But before Rose reaches her mother and Cal to warn them about the collision with the iceberg, Cal confronts her. He has found the sketch that Jack had painted of her. He then plots against Jack by dropping the necklace into his coat pocket and frames him for being a thief. Jack is then arrested, taken to a room, and handcuffed to a pipe. Rose, being lied to about Jacks action, is then left with no choice but to leave with Cal. Cal, Ruth, and Rose then rush to one of the few life boats on the ship to try and escape what they already know will be a deadly end. As the minutes pass and the ship stands still on the icy cold sea water, panic on the ship grows immensely. As Rose takes her place in the lifeboat, she decides to leave Cal, he mother along with her safety and rejoin Jack on this shipwreck to be. Rose is racing frantically against the panicking crowds in an effort to fin and save Jack. She soon realizes that the deck she has to go thru is already a couple of feet underwater. Without hesitation, she continues and goes on to find the room where Jack is handcuffed. The room quickly begins to flood; and without a key to set Jack free, Rose goes back into the hallways and finds an axe. After only a couple practice hits, she swings the axe down and cuts thru the cuffs. By the time they get back to the deck the ship is halfway underwater. They make their way to the lifeboats but they were only letting the woman and children board. Rose of course didn’t leave him the first and doesn’t leave him this time either. Moments later everyone including Jack and Rose are racing to the front of the boat and it rises higher and higher into the sky. The ship now being in a 90 degree angle, Jack and Rose hold their breath as the boat finally goes underwater. After a few seconds of being separated they find each other in the icy cold water surrounded by fifteen hundred others shouting for help. They are hoping for the lifeboats to return for them. Meanwhile they come across this floating wooden board, buts it’s only big enough to sustain one of them. Rose lies on the wooden board and holds jacks hands and wait. Wait to die, wait for rescue, just wait. It gets quieter and quieter as the minutes pass, and finally one boat comes back. When Rose realizes that there’s a boat, she tries to wake up Jack only find him lifeless still holding on tight to her hand. Definitely the saddest moment of the movie, this scene brings me to tears. Rose then blows a whistle she had taken from one of the already dead officers floating next to them. With nothing but just a memory of Jack Dawson, Rose survives that’s horrific night to grow old and live life like Jack said she would. Rose finishes her remarkable story, and that same night she reveals that she had this diamond all along and returns it to where she always thought that it belonged. In my opinion of the most memorable scenes was the image of the thousands of people struggling in the ice cold dark waters when Rose came out of the water without Jack. I can picture it so vividly. Another scene that I remembered is where an old couple embraces each other in bed knowing that they were going to drown. The love scene in the car where the windows of the car are fogged up show the passion that Rose and Jack had for each other. Titanic is filled with the most impressive camera movements like the swooping motions around the moving ship which he uses various times throughout the movie. They’re just breathtaking. Probably the most epic and mind-blowing camera moves were those during the collision and sinking of the Titanic. The way you see people falling from the ship slamming into the water, hitting the objects on their way down to the swallowing ocean, one character even hit the propeller. Before the movie hit the big screen, the press was trashing Titanic, mainly because the cost of this film extremely over budget. Well let me be one of the many to say that it was worth every single penny. There is nothing I’ve seen in years that comes close to the power and glory of Titanic. Perhaps it’s because the movie was based on a real story. And, of course, it was a movie that contained drama, action, adventure and we cannot forget the romance. Titanic is also a symbol of a time when the movies swept you away in another world and kept you there. Even knowing what is to come at the end, your eyes will be transfixed. It’s that good. That’s why I believe this movie will be as popular and well known for many generation to come as it was the year it premiered and as recognizable as it is today. How to cite Titanic, Papers

Reforms in Australian Education-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reforms in Australian Education. Answer: Introduction Australian government has an increased interest in driving this economy to excellence through the development of the education system. The education system has currently been developed to meet a higher standard quality. The tertiary education level defines the profession in which students choose to hold in their future. Higher education level increases the knowledge on specific fields and thus raises the labor productivity (Harrington, 2017). Funding for the Australian public school is one of the reforms that have been welcomed by many parents while it has been criticized by others. This makes public schools more affordable as they are funded according to their needs (Balogh, 2017). The reform on the funding of higher education has raised many issues from parents, students, politicians and the policy makers. The government announced a cut in the higher education funding. This is explained in the article Universities and students lose out in reform package issues in May 2017 by Angel Calderon. The students lack the information of why the government could implement such a reform. This report will help create an awareness of the reason behind the policy makers implementing such a policy. The view made will be followed by certain recommendations that may be useful to the policy makers. It will be noted in this paper that the decision has been faced with resistance and thus not clear whether the legislation will be passed. Article Analysis The reform package announced by the Australian government in May 2017 was to convince universities to welcome the decision of reduction in funding which was projected to save from 2 to 2.8 billion Australian dollars. If this policy went through, the fees for domestic students is expected to rise by an annual rate of 1.8% from 2017 to 2021 (Calderon, 2017). The current governments funding is at 585 but is proposed to be reduced to 54%. This would mean an increased proportion of per student payment from 42 to 46% during this period (Croucher, 2017). The proposal is also accompanied by a reduction in the threshold for which the students starts paying their loans after school completion (Bexley, 2017). Initially, the threshold was for one employed and earning an annual salary of AU$ 54,869; his was for 2016-2017. However, this threshold is reduced to AU$ 40,000 and is expected to increase the number of debtors repayment by 180,000. This was however noted to be a disadvantage to the low-i ncome bracket and those from poor backgrounds. Fig: International students enrollment in Australia Source: Internationaleducation.gov.au (2015) The graph indicates an increased level of international students enrollment in Australian higher education institutions. This explains the increased non-government funding for higher education. However, this is expected to change if the proposal is passed. The greatest disadvantage for this reform will be to the permanent residents residing in Australia (Including the Zealanders) because they will be denied access to commonwealth supported places which will leave them with the biggest obligation of paying the full domestic school fees (Carol, 2017). For this reason, it has been noted that the rate at which these residents will defer their studies will rise until they become Australian citizens. This will be a great disadvantage to the Australian universities as most of them rely on the income raised from the international students as a form of non-government funding. The percentage of funding received from the international students was about 19% of the total spending as at 2015. The global financial crisis led to the weakening of the Australian labor market and thus a loss of full-time employment opportunities for the fresh graduates. This has accelerated the rate of frictional unemployment. The income inequality gap is rising owing to such reasons and thus the governments objective of ensuring the presence of distribution of income is undermined. Besides the negative impacts presumed to result from this policy implementation, it is worth noting that the government is trying to improve transparency and accountability in the universities by tying a performance-based funding program to the funding reduction proposal (Turnbull Birmingham, 2017). For this purpose, a 7.5% of Commonwealth Grant Scheme funding has been reserved by the government. This is meant to ensure that there is improved performance in the universities by raising the need for the extra reward. Recommendation The government should change the structure of the Australian labor market such that it will be easier and fast for the fresh graduates to get jobs immediately they leave the universities. This will have a similar effect as the reduction in the earning threshold reduction; it would even be better since it would facilitate immediate commencement of the loan repayment. These repayments would be then used in offering help to other needy students. The idea of the international students paying a full domestic fees is not a productive idea as it would seem as if the government is discouraging the presence of international students in this economy. The government should therefore promote international studies by not eliminating the help that was initially given to international students. This would be enabled by allowing private institutions to offer help to students but at a controlled interest rate on the loan to avoid exploitation of students. Conclusion The funding by the government does not lower the school fees payable to the universities. The same fees will be payable, but the extra burden will be carried by the students. This explains the reason why students are not ready to welcome this funding reduction policy. The loss of commonwealth place will make the foreign students to defer their studies and this will be a big loss to the universities since it will result in loss of the non-government funding. The proposal made therefore will not only hurt the students, but also the universities. If this proposal is passed, the countries neighboring Australia will cut their demand for opportunities in their higher education institutions. Also, Australian will also find it cheaper to study overseas than in Australia. References Balogh, S. (2017). Public parents back Turnbulls fair education reforms. Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/public-parents-back-turnbulls-fair-education-reforms/news-story/38300f823a8dac0dc66029385fd52460. Bexley, E. (2017). Higher education reform: small changes for now but big ones to come. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978. Calderon, A. (2017). Universities and students lose out in reform package. Universityworldnews.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20170505201144780. Carol, E. (2017). Higher education reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201718/HigherEducationReform. Croucher, G. (2017). 2017 higher education reform: cuts to universities, higher fees for students. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://theconversation.com/2017-higher-education-reform-cuts-to-universities-higher-fees-for-students-63185. Harrington, M. (2017). School reform. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/schoolreform. Internationaleducation.gov.au. (2015). International Student Data 2015. Internationaleducation.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/International-Student-Data/Pages/InternationalStudentData2015.aspx. Turnbull, M., Birmingham, S. (2017). The quality reforms needed to get all Australian students ahead. Liberal Party of Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2017, from https://www.liberal.org.au/latest-news/2016/05/01/quality-reforms-needed-get-all-australian-students-ahead.

Taylor Swift, free essay sample

Taylor Swift â€Å"Fearless† album review â€Å"You take my hand and drag me head first, fearless.† That is only one of the lines on this album that will get stuck in your head for days. All in all, Taylor Swift’s sophomore album is anything but disappointing! It seems Swift is reading any teenage girl’s mind as each song unfolds. Every song is open and honest to the core. It’s almost like every song is a young girl’s diary shining through in a heartfelt song. There are songs with everything from breakups, (You’re Not Sorry, White Horse, and many more) to your first day of High School (Fifteen), to a good relationship with your mother, (The Best Day). Although her vocals can be a tad weak, she has her own unique sound, and it seems unimaginable to picture anyone else singing or recording her songs! It is most likely that is because every song on the album is either written or co-written by Taylor herself! The only downside I would say to the album is the fact that almost every song is the same slow tempo. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor Swift, or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is the occasional two, (Forever and Always and Tell Me Why). Also, this album is far more pop than her debut album, which included more country twang than this. Having said that, it is still a phenomenal album. CAUTION! This album is addicting!

Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners

Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners Teachers need to understand that students, who are usually in their classrooms, come from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the learning process should cater for the different needs of the different students.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The SRA Open Court Reading curriculum for students in their third grades entails vocabulary, spelling, phonemic awareness, explicit phonics, writer’s craft, fluency, listening, grammar, usage and mechanics, writing process strategies, speaking and viewing skills, award-winning literature, text comprehension and penmanship. Supplemental materials obtained online, encyclopedias and related sources are used when a theme calls for wider exploration. Science and social studies are also integrated throughout the curriculum. This cur riculum is adequately diversified but, there is need to bridge cultures by ensuring that each and every student is fully involved in the learning process. This paper aims at doing precisely that, describing how teachers can incorporate a multi-cultural approach into the SRA Open Court Reading curriculum to enhance the learning process. The presence of students who are not within the mainstream of American culture and who speak English as their second language calls for a multi-cultural approach in learning. Those within the mainstream American culture are the Caucasians or the White who values American cultural traditions and values, and speaks English as the first language. It is evident that the Open Court Reading Curriculum adopts the set-up of an American mainstream class. In addition, students are given the opportunity to practice what they have learned on an individual basis and this is only suitable for the American mainstream students. The importance of integrating a multi-c ultural approach in the Open Court Reading curriculum is to ensure that all students are exposed to the same educational opportunities. The OPC curriculum is associated with academic failure amongst certain ethnic minority groups hence the need to incorporate a multi-cultural approach.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is quite obvious that students from other cultures different from the American mainstream face certain kinds of learning handicaps where American mainstream values dominate. These learning handicaps prevail from the fact that students experience discordance between home and school values. Subsequently, the learning capacity of the students is affected leading to poor performance (Gibson, 1984). The school should be a versatile place that can transform anytime in as far as the interests of the students are being catered for. The notion of minority a nd majority groups with regard to cultural diversity in America is inevitable. Both educators and parents need to undergo some form of training with regard to diversity of cultures and associated values. Both the educators and parents need to understand each other’s cultural values and practices so as to avoid conflicts that may jeopardize the achievement of the concerned students. Schools should ensure that they have training sessions to create awareness to their educators, who are mainly from the individualistic American mainstream. This helps the educators to adopt an integrated approach while teaching the students. Teachers therefore should embrace both the individualistic and collectivistic cultural approaches while teaching. The understanding of the dominating American culture by parents leads to the development of more explicit discussions with teachers on school practices and policies, and the rationales for them in a cultural context. The creation of awareness for bo th parents and teacher helps the students to acquire a dual cultural perspective, which enables them to accommodate school and home cultures. This enables the students to distinguish between the two cultures and develop a more open-minded approach to life in general (Trumbull et al. 2001). Trumbull and others talk about bridging cultures in schools by using an individualism/ collectivism framework. Some students come from collectivistic cultures, whose values are inclined towards inter-dependence and sharing and helping one another.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critique of SRA Open Court Reading Curriculum for 3rd grade in light of Second Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the American mainstream students are from individualistic cultures that values personal autonomy, self-expression, self-determination, independence and personal achievement. It should however be not ed that despite the fact that there are individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the converse of these cultures are also prevalent within these cultures. This is to say that, an individualistic culture also values collectivism and the collectivistic culture also values individualism. The difference is in the prioritization of values within the different cultures. Therefore, an integration of both cultures would augur well for both of them since none would be imposing on the other (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). Trumbull et al. (2001) indicates the importance for educators, referred to as school personnel, to understand the concepts and ideas behind individualism and collectivism since both of these cultural values act as a guide to somewhat different developmental scripts for children, and schooling. Conflict between the two cultural values is manifested everyday in U. S. classrooms. The understanding of these two cultural orientations with reference to their role in shaping goals and behavior is a stepping stone for both teachers and parents in interpreting each other’s expectations and thereby working together in a harmonious way (Trumbull et al. 2001). A collectivistic culture is characterized by interdependence, sharing and helping one another. In addition, the actions of an individual aim at ensuring the well-being and success of the entire family. This is the complete converse of individualistic cultures characterized by total independence of people as each person is considered to be a complete unit. The actions of an individual affect only this individual person because there are no shared responsibilities and interests. Cultural conflict between the teachers, students and their families is very dangerous because it may ruin the efforts of very intelligent students. In collectivistic cultures, third grade students rely on their parents when it comes to decision making hence, in a language unit where students are meant to make th eir own decisions, these students may fail to do so. It is because of such reliance on parents that teachers perceive such students to be academically poor, yet this may not necessarily be the case. Lack of understanding the nature of the collectivistic culture from where these students come from regards such students as being of lower IQ when compared with their colleagues.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, a proper understanding of the students’ carious cultures results in parental involvement since the parent, in such cultures, has full responsibility for his/her child. An understanding of such a practice by the teacher promotes parental involvement in a child’s learning process both at home and in school. There is need therefore for a positive relationship between the parent and the school personnel to prevail because this is the gateway towards the success and high achievement of the students (Clark, 2011). Learning vocabulary for example entails an array of activities and exercises. Students are meant to learn the antonyms of a particular word, compound words, contractions, figurative language, homographs, context clues, comparatives/superlatives, synonyms, prefixes, suffixes and much more related to vocabulary. The understanding of the values and practices of other cultures by the school personnel is followed by a wider perception of the non-Ameri can mainstream students’ abilities without conforming them to the US system. In this area of vocabulary, an educator can give detailed meanings and examples of words in the various languages as reflected by the different students in class. This creates a better understanding and usage of the word while speaking and writing (Grade Three, 2011). In addition, educators should include some classroom discussion sessions where students work together and share ideas and concepts. This makes the learning process livelier and enhances understanding of the students. Students coming from collectivistic cultures go to school as a way of honoring their families and not themselves therefore they work very hard to ensure that they do not let their families down. Teachers should not disappoint these students but instead should provide them with all the support they require to become great achievers by the end of the day (Leake Black, 2005). Transmission of knowledge is different in differen t cultures and therefore, a teacher needs to understand this very well. This is influenced by social status since people with high social statuses are perceived to hold very essential cultural and technological knowledge. Children are not supposed to ask their elders questions because such demeanor is described as disrespect. Following this illustration, a third grade student from a low social class-the minority group may have difficulties participating and asking questions in class as a result of the values and lessons learned from his/her culture. Teachers should have counseling sessions for both children and their parents so that parents understand the needs of their children and set aside those cultural values that may impede on the performance of their children. This is in contrast with the individualistic approach of the mainstream Americans since the students are at liberty to form and express their opinions, and seek knowledge at a pace that they have self-determined. This k ind of cultural approach does not distinguish people based on possession of information since anyone has the right to obtain any kind of information whenever they require it (Leake Black, 2005). A way through which teachers would understand the different cultures represented by the students in his/her class would be by home visits (Gibson, 1984). Home visits are seen as a way of enhancing parent-teacher relationships and strengthening personal contact. Mini-conferences are another way through which teachers can contact their students’ parents. These mini-conferences occur when parents come to pick their children from school thereby creating a chance for the teacher to interact with the parent (s) and not necessarily discuss about the child. This is usually an opportunity for the teacher to create rapport with the parent(s) to avoid any form of misunderstanding (Trumbull et al. 2001). The interaction sessions between parents and teachers are usually utilized by the teachers s o as to take the perspectives of the parents to help them understand the parents’ ideas on roles of teachers and parents on the child/ren. Recognizing another culture’s ideas helps to bridge the gap between different cultures because teachers cease to patronize, and they no longer regard parents from other cultures as ignorant. It has been earlier indicated that parents play a very important role in their children’s education life and especially in collectivistic cultures. Therefore, mistreatment of a parent is usually a disadvantage for the child because such conflict would not foster harmony and shared developmental views pertaining to a child’s performance/achievement (Clark, 2011). Understanding another culture’s ideas and concepts helps to modify the classroom. Teachers should create more time for classroom discussions and student-to-student interaction. Individual assessment is the only means through which students can be assessed. Group acti vity should be incorporated in the assessment process as well. In addition, teachers should modify their teaching style so as to accommodate students from different cultures other than the American mainstream culture. For example instead of imposing the U.S system on the culturally diversified students, a teacher should integrate elements from different cultures into the classroom (Clark, 2011). Small group and individual instructions are a main characteristic of the Open Court Reading curriculum. Independent reading, which is a main cultural value of the American mainstream, is used. This individualistic value is not in accordance with some of the cultural values of the students in a class and as a result, learning and achievement of students with varying cultural values are affected. This kind of teaching is not effective because the main influence is from the American mainstream as it does not take into account the values of the non-American mainstream students. A teacher counter acts the effect of the mainstream American system by appreciating the different cultures and binging up topics on how different people do things differently. This not only helps the teacher but also enables the mainstream American students to appreciate their counterparts (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). Third grade students within the OPC curriculum are given a huge responsibility of discovering topics they are familiar with and care about. Most of the learning is based on a student’s individual effort and this may be conflicting with the beliefs and practices of students from non-American mainstream. A multi-cultural approach embraces the practices and values of all students and tries to bring about a balance between the various cultures so that no one student feels left out. Students from minority ethnic groups should be of main focus because their school performance is perceived to lag furthest behind national norms. Minority ethnic groups are highly suppress ed in terms of political and economic power and as a result, the children suffer from inferiority complex, which is a great impediment to the achievement of a child (Leake Black, 2005). The curriculum should include counselors experienced in handling students with different cultural affiliations. This is because, when a child from an entirely different cultural orientation is introduced into the American mainstream culture, he/she experiences culture shock and lack of understanding the new student may lead to biased judgment about the child. This subsequently affects his/her learning process from that moment. In addition, counselor may help the inferior students to snap out of their condition. Inferiority complex prevents a child from reaching his/her potential because they do not have the drive, and the determination, to make it. It is quite obvious that when an individual is exposed to a peculiar environment, he/she tends to be reserved and it becomes very difficult to express th eir selves. This is usually the case with students who are not of American origin and therefore, English is their second language. According to the Open Court Reading curriculum, there is no room for slowed learning and especially for these students who are not within the mainstream of American culture. This type of curriculum does not consider the fact that students having English as their second language do not grasp and understand concepts and ideas in the same as their counterparts. However, with the awareness of the different cultures, teachers should make their lessons more flexible and accommodative to help these new beginners in the English language to catch up. The main distinction between American mainstream and culturally and linguistically diverse people is the marginalization, discrimination and segregation between these two groups. This perception is brought down to education and subsequently affects the Open Court Reading curriculum. The result is rejection of cultura l deficit hypotheses that are associated with students’ school failure. The story of Jose Figueroa-Britapaja, Spanish, is an example of the painstaking ordeal that parents have gone through under the US education system (Clark, 2011). This story can is a reflection of the challenges that both third grade and their parents go through in an effort to fit into the US education system. Open Court Reading curriculum should include parental involvement in the school to make the learning environment of students friendlier. Non-American mainstream students would feel more at ease if the school curriculum would ensure that the parents are involved as much as possible in their children’s learning process. The parents could be involved through volunteering in the school, and by helping their children do their homework. Parents’ involvement in their children’s education would help these children catch up in their studies because the Open Court Reading curriculum does not pay special attention to any one student in class. These students will tend to trust their parents more and are likely to follow what their parents will tell them. Mattingly et al. (2002) support the idea that involvement of parents in their children’s learning process is associated with higher achievement. Parental involvement in schools helps teachers to understand the families and communities where students come from. Parental involvement takes place in the form of effective communication, parental participation in school decision making, parenting and home learning environment/activities, school collaboration with child’s community and parent volunteering (Trumbull, Rothstein-Fisch Hernandez, 2003). The practices of teachers, administrators, students and parents themselves influence parental involvement. Positive relationships between parents and school personnel are very important as they enhance parental involvement and establish equity (Moll, 2010). Parent al involvement in their children’s studies increases the proximity of culturally different families to teachers both physically and psychologically. Personal interactions between parents and the teachers of their children are better preferred amongst minority cultures (Diaz, 2000). Cultural diversity is a common occurrence in most communities and especially in the United States where boundaries are open. There is need for school personnel to acknowledge the existence and variation of cultures because of its influence on a student’s learning process. The adoption of a multi-cultural approach in education ensures that the needs of all students are met and there is no discrimination of some sort. All schools should ensure that they embrace this approach because it is a means of increasing students’ performance. In addition, it avoids poor classification of students due to their presumed lower learning capacity, yet they may be acting in accordance with their cultur al values. Teachers therefore need to be exposed to various cultural values and practices so as to avoid cultural conflicts, which usually affect the children. References Clark, J. E. (2011). Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Family Perspectives on Home-School Connections and Family Engagement: A Case Study of Four Middle Class Latin American Families. Dissertation: Kennesaw State University. Diaz, R. (2000). Latina parent educational participation: A pro-active approach. Unpublished Dissertation: University of California, Los Angeles. Gibson, M. A. (1984). Approaches to Multicultural Education in the United States: Some Concepts and Assumptions. Anthropology Education Quarterly, 15 (1), 94-120. Grade Three. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.jdslv.org/ Leake, D. Black, R. (2005). Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: Implications for Transition Personnel. Minneapolis, MN: ICI Publications Office. Mattingly, D. (2002). Evaluating evaluations: The case of parent involvement progra ms. Review of Education Research, 72 (4), 549-576. Moll, L. (2010). Mobilizing culture, language, and educational practices: Fulfilling the Promises of Mendez and Brown. Educational Researcher, 39 (6), 451-460. Trumbull, E., et al. (2001). Bridging cultures between home and school: A guide for teachers. San Francisco: WestEd. Trumbull, E., Rothstein-Fisch, C. Hernandez, E. (2003). Parent Involvement in Schooling-According to whose Values? School Community Journal, 13, 45- 72.

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing is a topic at the heart of statistics. This technique belongs to a realm known as inferential statistics. Researchers from all sorts of different areas, such as psychology, marketing, and medicine, formulate hypotheses or claims about a population being studied. The ultimate goal of the research is to determine the validity of these claims. Carefully designed statistical experiments obtain sample data from the population. The data is in turn used to test the accuracy of a hypothesis concerning a population. The Rare Event Rule Hypothesis tests are based upon the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to quantify how likely it is for an event to occur. The underlying assumption for all inferential statistics deals with rare events, which is why probability is used so extensively. The rare event rule states that if an assumption is made and the probability of a certain observed event is very small, then the assumption is most likely incorrect. The basic idea here is that we test a claim by distinguishing between two different things: An event that easily occurs by chance.An event that is highly unlikely to occur by chance. If a highly unlikely event occurs, then we explain this by stating that a rare event really did take place, or that the assumption we started with was not true. Prognosticators and Probability As an example to intuitively grasp the ideas behind hypothesis testing, we’ll consider the following story. It’s a beautiful day outside so you decided to go on a walk. While you are walking you are confronted by a mysterious stranger. â€Å"Do not be alarmed,† he says, â€Å"this is your lucky day. I am a seer of seers and a prognosticator of prognosticators. I can predict the future, and do it with greater accuracy than anyone else. In fact, 95% of the time I’m right. For a mere $1000, I will give you the winning lottery ticket numbers for the next ten weeks. You‘ll be almost sure of winning once, and probably several times.† This sounds too good to be true, but you are intrigued. â€Å"Prove it,† you reply. â€Å"Show me that you really can predict the future, then I’ll consider your offer.† â€Å"Of course. I can‘t give you any winning lottery numbers for free though. But I will show you my powers as follows. In this sealed envelope is a sheet of paper numbered 1 through 100, with heads or tails written after each of them. When you go home, flip a coin 100 times and record the results in the order that you get them. Then open the envelope and compare the two lists. My list will accurately match at least 95 of your coin tosses.† You take the envelope with a skeptical look. â€Å"I will be here tomorrow at this same time if you decide to take me up on my offer.† As you walk back home, you assume that the stranger has thought up a creative way to con people out of their money. Nevertheless, when you get back home, you flip a coin and write down which tosses give you heads, and which ones are tails. Then you open the envelope and compare the two lists. If the lists only match in 49 places, you would conclude that the stranger is at best deluded and at worse conducting some sort of scam. After all, chance alone would result in being correct about one half of the time. If this is the case, you would probably change your walking route for a few weeks. On the other hand, what if the lists matched 96 times? The likelihood of this occurring by chance is extremely small. Due to the fact that predicting 96 of 100 coin tosses is exceptionally improbable, you conclude that your assumption about the stranger was incorrect and he can indeed predict the future. The Formal Procedure This example illustrates the idea behind hypothesis testing and is a good introduction to further study. The exact procedure requires specialized terminology and a step by step procedure, but the thinking is the same. The rare event rule provides the ammunition to reject one hypothesis and accept an alternate one.

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the Essay

The classical music business may be considered a minor part of the music industry in 2014, but it is actually a vital component - Essay Example This developed a type of musical lyrics in which the musical notation emerged as just one of the many written sources that provided information. Such information enriched an individual with musical comprehension, its works and performances. Performance of classical music became entirely dependent on how well the performer construed the essence of the musical score and lyrics of that music. The advent of gramophone record and its impact on music has contributed towards the decline of literacy in classical music. This has diffused classical music that surpassed the conventional connection between the subject matter of music with its social context and performance venues (Dahl, 2009, p.66). This paper explores the classical music in contemporary music industry. Music can be inspirational for all although its preference may decline with age. As per one research, it was found that young people give more importance to music than adults and therefore they listen to music more often. Moreover young people prefer listening to different kinds of music in all occasions as opposed to adults who prefer specific kinds of music mostly in private context (Bonneville-Roussy et al., 2013, p.703). Music as an inspiration and relaxation has been proved by many researchers. Today, music is used everywhere from shopping malls to dental offices since it is both stress reliever and a positive force on psychology (Joyce, 2003, p.5). According to Kramer (2008, p.13), classical music is almost like a â€Å"living museum, living precisely because it is a kind of museum, and, like a museum, a place that exhibits new works as well as old†. The state of classical music in modern time is mostly shaky. For several years, classical music has experienced a steady decline in its popularity especially in America. There are many symptoms that prove this fact like a weakening CD market for classical music, lack of fund for symphony